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Phy exam review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| displacement | the difference between the initial and final positions |
| average speed | distance divided by time - a scalar |
| average velocity | displacement divided by time - a vector |
| average acceleration | velocity divided by time |
| newton's first law | every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it |
| newton's second law | F = ma |
| newton's third law | if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts a force of the same magnitude on object A but in the opposite direction |
| normal force | force exerted perpendicular to the surface and equal to the force being applied |
| kinetic frictional force | force that acts parallel to the surface and opposite the direction of motion |
| static frictional force | force that acts parallel to the surface and involves no motion - equal in magnitude and in the opposite direction as the force being applied |
| inclined ramps | trig functions must be flipped |
| direction of centripetal acceleration | towards the center of the circle |
| period T | the time it takes to complete one revolution |
| unbanked curves | static friction causes the acceleration |
| properly banked curves | the normal force gives the vehicle its centripetal acceleration |
| 1 revolution | 2 pi radians or 2 pi * radius |
| uniform circular motion | speed is constant, velocity changes due to centripetal acceleration |
| non uniform circular motion | acceleration tangent to the particle's path, the speed is not constant |
| hooke's law | F = kx |
| conservative forces | work done is independent of the path followed - ex. gravity, elastic |
| non conservative forces | work done depends on the path taken - ex. friction |
| zero work forces | never do any work |
| total mechanical energy is constant | if only conservative forces are present |
| normal force | never does any work |
| isolated system | the total force acting on the system is zero and momentum is conserved |
| elastic collision | the total kinetic energy and momentum are conserved |
| inelastic collision | momentum is conserved but total kinetic energy is not |
| completely inelastic collision | when two objects stick together after a collision |
| moment of inertia | a measure of how easily an object's angular velocity is changed |
| steady/laminar flow | has no eddies or rotations in the flow of the fluid |
| streamline | the path of a particle in a flowing incompressible fluid |
| incompressible flow | means that the density of the fluid is constant in space and time |
| viscous fluid | has frictional forces acting on it |
| ideal fluid | is an incompressible, non-viscous fluid that undergoes laminar flow |
| viscosity | the internal friction of a fluid |
| maximum speed in SHM | occurs at the equilibrium points |
| maximum acceleration in SHM | occurs at the end points |
| simple harmonic motion | total mechanical energy is conserved |
| critically damped | no oscillations occur and quickly comes to rest |
| overdamped | no oscillations but comes to rest more slowly than critically damped |
| underdamped system | has oscillations which decrease in amplitude |
| natural frequency | the frequency at which the system oscillates without the force |
| resonance | maximum amplitude - occurs when the natural frequency equals the forced frequency |
| temperature | the measure of how hot or cold a system is |
| heat | the energy which is transferred between 2 systems that are at different temperatures |
| thermal equilibrium | two systems that are at the same temperatures |
| latent heat | the heat needed to change the phase of one kg of a substance |
| conduction | the transfer of heat between 2 systems via a material connecting them |
| convection | the transfer of heat due to the movement or circulation of material |
| radiation | the transfer of energy without a medium |
| quasi-static processes | slow changes between equilibrium states - they are reversible |
| isobaric processes | pressure is constant |
| isochoric processes | volume is constant, work is zero |
| delta U | the internal energy of a system - a measure of the total energy inside the system |
| isothermal processes | the temperature is constant, Q = W |
| adiabatic processes | no heat is transferred (Q=0) |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | Q = deltaU + W : restatement of energy conservation |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | heat spontaneously flows from a hot system to a cold one, but never vice versa |
| heat engine | a system that undergoes a series of thermodynamic processes that form a complete cycle |
| carnot engine | the most efficient engine possible - 4 steps: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compressions, adiabatic compressions |
| refrigerator | a heat engine in reverse - work is done to force the heat to flow into the hot resevoir |
| carnot refrigerator | the most efficient refrigerator possible, reverse cycle of a carnot engine |
| entropy | a state variable (only changes matter) |
Created by:
imr36093
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