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BIO UNIT 5 TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sequences of mRNA that are removed from an mRNA molecule in eukaryotic cells before translation are: | introns |
| How many nucleotides are in a piece of mRNA that has 15 codons? | 45 |
| What is a codon? | three bases of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. |
| Amanatin is a toxin found in the death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. It inhibits RNA polymerase, thus blocking | transcription |
| Which of the following brings amino acids to the ribosomes? | tRNA |
| Which of the following happens first in DNA replication? | DNA helicase unwinds DNA |
| Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together? | DNA ligase |
| In which direction are new nucleotides added? | 5' to 3' |
| If a species of gopher has 20% thymine bases found in its DNA, what percent of its bases will be guanine? | 30 |
| Who discovered the double-helix structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| On which strand of DNA are the Okazaki fragments made during DNA replication? | lagging strand |
| The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are: | cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine |
| Which of the following is the best description of the structure and function of tRNA? | It possesses an anti-codon to bind to mRNA and it has an amino acid binding site |
| Which of the following enzymes is responsible for making mRNA from a DNA template during transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| The central dogma states that: | DNA -> mRNA -> protein |
| Each tRNA molecule has a sequence complimentary to the codon known as the: | anticodon |
| The sequence of DNA that signals a gene's start is a(n): | promoter |
| What tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon AUG? | UAC |
| Insulin is a protein that is made up of 51 amino acids. It would have been translated from an mRNA transcript that had | 153 nucleotides |
| Transcription and replication occur during which stage of the cell cycle? | Interphase |
| A tRNA molecule could be considered "bilingual" because it binds to | codons of mRNA and amino acids |
| During RNA processing, _________ are removed from RNA. | introns |
| Which of the following enzymes is responsible for unwinding and "unzipping" the DNA strands? | DNA helicase |
| What research did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the double-helix structure of DNA? | X-ray diffraction of DNA |
| Which enzyme is responsible for new DNA synthesis? | DNA polymerase |
| In complementary base pairing during DNA replication: | A binds to T, C binds to G |
| How many subunits does the ribosome contain? | 2 |
| What is the codon that corresponds to an anticodon sequence of ACC? | UGG |
| The production of proteins from an mRNA template is called: | translation |
| Which of the following is involved in both transcription and translation? | mRNA |
| What mRNA sequence will be made from a DNA segment that has the sequence GCTAA? | CGAUU |
| Why can't the lagging strand be replicated as a continuous segment by DNA polymerase? | DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction. |
| The two strands of the double helix run: | antiparallel to each other. |
| Which of the following statements about DNA is NOT true? | DNA is single stranded |
| DNA replication is semi-conservative meaning: | DNA replication is semi-conservative meaning: |
| MicroRNA (miRNA) aids in post-transcriptional regulation by which method? | Causing the destruction of mRNAs before they can be translated |
| The test to determine if something is carcinogenic is called | ames test |
| Which mechanisms can create multiple mRNAs from the same gene? | Alternative splicing |
| A silent mutation is one that | results in the same amino acid being coded so has no effect on protein sequence. |
| During the process of RNA splicing, _______ get removed from the pre-mRNA. | introns |
| The lac operon is an example of a(n) ________ operon. | inducible |
| Short RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA in order to destroy it are called: | miRNA |
| What is an operon? | A unit of DNA containing structural genes under control of a promoter and an operator |
| The trp operon is an example of a(n) __________ operon. | repressible |
| The steps invovled in PCR are: | denaturation, annealing, extending |
| Insulin produced by molecular cloning: | is a recombinant protein |
| Which of the following cellular processes is PCR most similar to? | replication |
| The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins is called: | proteomics |
| When bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient, infected with a virus that carries a normal gene, and returned to the patient, this is an example of: | ex vivo gene therapy |
| Plants have been genetically engineered for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: | all are correct |
| Plasmids with foreign DNA inserted into them are called: | recombinant DNA |
| The process of using genetic engineering to cure disease is called: | gene therapy |
| Which of the following is true regarding Darwin's theory of evolution? | Due to natural selection pressures, species change over long periods of time which will give rise to new species |
| Fossils that bear resemblance to two groups that are classified separately are referred to as: | transitional fossils |
| All of the following are examples of natural selection except | the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves. |
| Which of these pairs is mismatched? | Lamarck - Uniformitarianism |
| Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied? | All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied. |
| Plato believed | every species on earth has a perfect form and species variation is imperfection of this essential form. |
| The fact that all living things are composed of the same types of molecules is an example of which type of evidence for evolution? | biochemical |
| All of the following statements relate to natural selection except: | breeding to increase frequency of desired traits |
| The organisms on the Galápagos Islands that were most important to Darwin's development of the theory of natural selection were: | tortoises and finches. |
| Fossils like Archaeopteryx offer evidence linking | birds and dinosaurs. |
| Darwin's assumption that living forms must be descended from extinct forms was based on ____________ evidence. | fossil |
| Homologous genes are best described as genes that | have a common ancestral gene. |
| Structures that are anatomically similar because they share a common ancestor are called: | Homologous structures |
| A population must have __________ for natural selection to occur. | heritable variation |
| Operons can best be described as | groups of genes within prokaryotes that share a common function. |
| In the absence of tryptophan, the trp repressor is | inactive and cannot bind to the operator. |
| If a frameshift mutation causes a stop codon to be inserted into the DNA sequence, | the resulting protein will be shortened and often nonfunctional. |
| The nucleic acid sequence in mRNA is determined by | nucleotide sequence in DNA. |
| RNA polymerase binds to the | promoter |
| A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA | changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon. |
| The lac operon is expressed when lactose is | present |
| A cell with three X chromosomes will contain | 2 Barr bodies. |
| How tightly or loosely packaged the DNA is | Chromatin Structure |
| Factors that assit the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter that can either enhance or repress the amount of RNA being synthesized in the nucleus. | Transcriptional Control |
| Controls the speed at which mature mRNA can leave the nucleus. Also when alternative splicing occurs. | Posttranscriptional Control |
| How quickly the mRNA can be used to form a protein. Affected by regulators in the cytoplasm. | Translational Control |
| Affects the activity of a protein by either activation or degradation. | Posttranslational Control |
| Human DNA cut with some restriction enzyme A can be joined to | plasmid DNA cut with restriction enzyme A. |
| Form of DNA that contains DNA from two or more different sources. | recombinant dna |
| Any organism that has had a foreign gene inserted into them. | transgenic |
| Process that uses transgenic microorganisms to detoxify and degrade environmental pollutants. | bioremediation |
| The use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals. | gene pharming |
| A set of proteins whose presence is indicative of disease, infection or environmental exposure. | biomarker |
| Place the steps of a PCR in order. | -Sample is heated to separate strands of DNA -DNA is cooled to allow primers to attach -DNA is heated and Taq polymerase synthesizes new DNA |
| Which of the following were required to produce the recombinant plasmid? | both restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase |
| Homologous genes are best described as genes that | have a common ancestral gene. |
| Requirements for the genetic material: | Must be able to store genetic information 2. Must be stable and able to be replicated accurately during cell division and transmitted from generation to generation 3. Must be able to undergo mutations to provide genetic variability |
| Two nucleotides with purine (double ring) bases | Adenine (A) & Guanine (G |
| Two nucleotides with pyrimidine (single ring) bases | Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C) |
| Nucleotides are composed of three parts: | Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, Nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base |
| Rosalind Franklin studied | structure of DNA using X-rays. and She produced X-ray diffraction photographs. |
| DNA replication | is the process of copying a DNA molecule. |
| Semiconservative replication | Each strand of the original double helix (parental molecule) serves as a template (mold or model) for a new a strand in a daughter molecule. |
| DNA polymerase | is very accurate |
| Exons | will be expressed |
| Introns | occur in between the exons |
| Translation | Process whereby ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to produce a polypeptide |
| tRNA molecules come in_____ different kinds | 64 |
| Steps of Translation | 1.Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination |
| Repressor | a protein molecule that binds to an operon, preventing transcription of structural genes |
| Corepressor | a molecule that binds to a repressor, which then allows the repressor to bind to an operon |
| Enhancer | DNA sequence that increases the level of transcription when bound with regulatory proteins, such as transcription activators |
| Inducer | molecule that brings about activity of an operon by joining with a repressor and preventing it from binding the operon |
| operon | a group of structural and regulatory genes that function as a single unit |
| regulatory gene | is located outside the operon, and codes for a repressor protein controls whether the operon is active or not. |
| Components of an Operon | promoter, operator, and Structural Genes |
| Chromatin Structure | packing is used to keep genes turned off |
| Transcriptional Control | can promote or repress transcription |
| Posttranscriptional Control | mRNA processing and how fast mRNA can leave the nucleus |
| Translational Control | affects how long translation continues |
| Posttranslational Control | after protein synthesis and is the last chance of influencing expression |
| Epigenetic inheritance | inheritance patterns not dependent on changes to DNA or the genes themselves but as a result of variation in gene expression |
| Histone modification | an make DNA either more or less tightly coiled, affecting gene expression |
| Methylation | makes it more tightly coiled and reduces transcription |
| Acetylation | makes it less tightly coiled and increases transcription |
| Biotechnology | use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans |
| Genetic Engineering | deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | is one whose genome has been modified in some way, usually by recombinant DNA technology |
| Transgenic Organism | is an example of a GMO that has a GENE from another species inserted into its genome |
| Cloning | is the production of identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms |
| First successful clone of a mammal was | Dolly the Sheep (1997) |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | form of DNA that contains DNA from two or more different sources. |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) requires | vectors, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase |
| Restriction enzymes | cut DNA at specific points |
| Gene cloning | is the production of many identical copies of the same gene |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | PCR amplifies (copies) a targeted sequence of DNA |
| PCR | Denaturing – Sample is heated to separate DNA 2. Annealing – DNA is cooled to allow primers to attach 3. Extending – DNA is heated and Taq polymerase synthesizes new DNA |
| Gel electrophoresis | separates the fragments according to their charge and size |
| Bioremediation | process that uses transgenic microorganisms or other organisms such as plants to detoxify and degrade environmental pollutants |
| Gene Pharming | the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals |
| A knockout mouse has both | alleles of a gene removed or made nonfunctional |
| Gene therapy | involves procedures to give patients healthy genes to make up for a faulty gene |
| 2 types of gene therapy | Ex vivo (outside body) and In vivo (inside body) |
| Ex Vivo Gene Therapy | Removes cells from the body, treats them, then returns to patient |
| In Vivo Gene Therapy | Therapeutic gene inserted into vector (virus, liposome, etc) which is then injected into the patient |
| Genomics | is the study of the genomes of humans and other organisms. |
| Genome | is all the genetic information in an individual |
| Proteomics | is the study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins. |
| Proteome | entire collection of a species’ proteins |
| proteases | digest proteins for Mass Spectrometry |
| biomarkers | set of proteins whose presence is indicative of disease, infection or environmental exposure |
| Biogeography | is the study of the geographic distribution of life forms on Earth |
| Comparative anatomy | is the study of the similarities and differences in the structures between different species |
| Variations | are required for the process of natural selection to operate |
| Fitness | the relative reproductive success of an individual |
| An Adaptation | a change that helps a species become more suited to its environment and Product of natural selection |
| Artificial Selection | is when a breeder chooses which traits to perpetuate and selects the plants and animals that will reproduce. |
| Fossils | are the remains and traces of past life |
| Transitional fossils | are a common ancestor for two different groups of organisms |
| Homologous genes | are genes that share a common ancestor |
| Hox genes | lay out basic body forms for all animals |
| Population | is a group of organisms of a single species living together in the same geographic area. |
| Evolution | is a process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified |
| Microevolution | is a change in allele frequencies in a population, typically occurring over a relatively short period of time |
| Allele frequency | how common an allele is in a population |
| Natural Selection | Acting on variation, differential reproduction and heredity |
| mutation | Change in DNA (e.g. substitutions, insertion, deletions, frameshifts |
| migration | transfer of genetic variation from one population to another |
| genetic drift | change in allele frequency of a population due to chance |
| Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber? | DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side. |
| In the gel electrophoresis lab, you determined the ________ of three different DNA samples. | genotype |
| Gel electrophoresis can be used to separate molecules by (Select all that apply) | length, size, and charge |
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abaer.