Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIOL 1710 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is descriptive science? | Aims to observe, explore, and discover |
| What is hypothesis based science? | Solves a specific Problem |
| What is Basic Science? | Seeks to expand knowledge |
| What is applied science? | Aims to solve real-world problems |
| What are the key characteristics of life? | order, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution |
| What is a macromolecule? | Large molecules that are formed by polymerization |
| Why aren't viruses considered alive? | they don't have cells |
| What is a prokaryote? | single-celled organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei |
| What is a eukaryote ? | Multicellular organism that have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus |
| What is a population? | All the individuals of a species living in the same specific area |
| What is a community? | Sum of populations inhabiting a particular area |
| What is an ecosystem? | Consists of all living and nonliving things in a given area |
| What is a biosphere? | Collection of all ecosystems |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits |
| What does an internal node of a phylogenetic tree represent? | Points in evolution when researches believed an ancestor diverged to form two new species |
| What are the four elements common to all organisms? | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| What does the atmosphere of the earth lack? | carbon and hydrogen |
| What are the two regions of the atom? | nucleus and electron cloud |
| What does a neutron contribute to? | the mass of an element |
| What is an isotope? | Different form of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess |
| What is a radioisotope? | Isotopes that emit neutrons, protons, and electrons to attain a more stable atomic configuration |
| What is the Bohr model? | shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the electrons in circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus |
| What determines atom's stability? | number of valence electrons |
| How many electrons does the innermost shell have? | 2 |
| What is an electron orbital? | complex shape that results from electrons behaving not just like particles but also like waves |
| What is an orbit? | Place where an electron is most likely to be found |
| What is the law of conservation of matter? | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| What is an ionic bond? | bond between ions with opposite charges |
| What is an electrolyte? | necessary for impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance |
| What is a covalent bond? | Bond between two neutrally charge atoms |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | atoms unequally share the electrons and are attracted more to one nucleus than the other |
| Are covalent or ionic bonds stronger? | covalent |
| What is electronegativity? | tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to attract bonding electrons |
| What is a non polar covalent bond? | forms between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | bonds that form between a slightly positive hydrogen and a negative on another molecule |
| What are the weakest bonds? | hydrogen bonds |
| What are van Der Waals interactions? | weak attractions or interactions between molecules |
| Is water polar or nonpolar? | polar |
| What is hydrophilic? | polar substance that resolves in water |
| what is hydrophobic? | nonpolar compounds |
| What causes heat capacity? | hydrogen bonds |
| What is specific heat capacity? | heat required to raise the temperature of the unit |
| What has the highest heat capacity? | Water |
| What is a solvent? | dissolves other polar molecules and ionic compounds |
| What is dissociation? | atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions |
| What is cohesion? | water molecules are attracted to each other |
| What is adhesion? | attraction between water molecules and other molecules? |
| What does pH measure? | hydrogen ions concentration in a given solution |
| Does a high concentration of hydrogen ions cause low or high ph? | low pH |
| What is an acid? | Substance that increases hydrogen ions concentration in a solution |
| What is a base? | provides either hydroxide ions or negatively charged ions, thus raising pH |
| What is a buffer? | absorbs excess H+ or OH-, keeps body's pH at a neutral level |
| What is a hydrocarbon? | organic molecule consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen |
| What is an isomer? | molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in structure |
| What is geometric isomers? | similar placement of their covalent bonds |
| What is a cis configuration? | opposite sides of double bonds |
| What is a trans configuration? | Linear structure |
| What are triglycerides? | fats and oils |
| What are unsaturated fats? | fats with at least one double bond between carbon atoms |
| What are saturated fats? | triglycerides without double bonds between carbon atoms |
| Are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temp? | solid |
| What is an enantiomer? | molecules that share same chemical structure but differ in placement of atoms so they are mirror images |
| What is a functional group? | group of atoms that occur within molecules and cause specific chemical properties to those molecules |
| Where are functional groups found? | carbon backbone |
| What do functional groups form? | DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and liquids |
| What are macromolecules? | large molecules that are necessary for life |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | monomers release water as they combine with each other to form polymers using covalent bonds |
| What is hydrolysis? | inserting a water molecule across the bond to break down polymers into monomers |
| Does dehydration synthesis absorb or release energy? | absorb |
| Does hydrolysis absorb or release energy? | release |
| What is a carbohydrate used for? | instant energy |
| What is glucose? | simple sugar |
| What is glucose used for | energy |
| What are the 3 subtypes of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What is a monosaccharide? | simple sugar |
| What is a disaccharide? | form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration process |
| What are polysaccharides? | long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds |
| What is glycogen? | storage form of glucose in humans |
| Where is glycogen stored? | liver and muscle cells |
| What is cellulose? | most abundant natural biopolymer |
| What is fiber? | insoluble part of carbohydrate |
| What comprises the plant wall? | cellulose |
| What is a glycosidic bond? | covalent bond that forms between a hydrogen molecule and another molecule |
| What is a lipid? | nonpolar compound used for long-term energy |
| What are examples of lipids? | fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids |
| What are the fat molecule components? | glycerol and fatty acids |
| What is a fatty acid? | long chain of hydrocarbon, solid at room temperature |
| Where are fats and oils stored? | adipocytes |
| What is a monosaturated fat? | one double bond |
| What is a polyunsaturated fat? | more than one double bond |
| what is an omega fatty acids? | fatty acids that are ingested through the diet to produce high-density liproproteins |
| Is high density lipoproteins good or bad cholesterol? | Good |
| Are low density lipoproteins good or bad cholesterol? | bad |
| What does an omega fatty acid do? | decrease blood pressure and prevent clotting |
| What is a wax? | hydrophobic molecule that prevents water from sticking on the surface |
| What is a phospholipid? | major plasma membrane that comprise cells outermost layer |
| Are the heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophilic |
| Are the tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophobic |
| What is a steroid? | group of lipids that have a certain chemical structure |
| What is the most common steroid? | cholesterol |
| What does a protein do? | serve in transport, storage, and membranes |
| What is an enzyme? | catalysts in biochemical reactions |
| What does an enzyme do? | help breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis reactions |
| What is a substrate? | reactant that binds to an enzyme |
| What effects the rate of a reaction? | enzyme |
| What is an amino acid? | monomers that comprise proteins |
| What is a peptide bond? | bond between amino acids as a result of dehydration synthesisq |
| What is the primary structure? | amino acid's unique sequence in a polypeptide chain |
| What is the secondary structure? | Local folding of the polypeptide in some regions |
| What is the tertiary structure? | unique 3 dimensional structure due to chemical interactions made by r groups |
| What causes tertiary structure? | r groups repelling or attracting |
| What is the quaternary structure? | interaction of several polypeptide chains? |
| What holds DNA together? | hydrogen bonds |
| What is denaturation? | protein structure changes and loses its shape without losing primary sequence |
| What are chaperones? | helpers that help proteins fold and become stable |
| What is RNA? | involved in protein synthesis and its regulation? |
| What are the four major types of RNA? | rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, mRNA |
| What does rRNA do? | ensures proper alignment of mRNA and ribosomes |
| What does tRNA do? | carries correct amino acid to protein synthesis site |
| What are nucleotides? | monomers of RNA and DNA |
| What makes up nucleotides? | nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group |
| What is a nitrogenous base? | potential for binding extra hydrogen and making more basic |
| What is transcription? | DNA dictates the structure of mRNA |
| What is translation? | RNA dictates proteins stucture |
| What does the flagella do? | locomotion |
| What does the fimbrae do? | used to attach to host cell |
| What are lysosomes? | garbage disposal |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? | separates internal contents of cell from outside, controls passage of molecules in and out of cell |
| What are chromosomes? | structures made up of DNA |
| What are chromatin? | unwound protein-chromosome |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? | encodes ribosomal RNA |
| What is the function of the ribosomes? | responsible for protein synthesis, translate chain into specific amino acids |
| What is ATP? | short term energy |
| What is cellular respiration? | process of making ATP using chemical energy in glucose |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids |
| What is the function of vacuoles and vesicles? | storage and transportation |
| What is the function of chloroplast? | carry out photosynthesis |
| What is the function of the central vacuole? | regulates cells concentration of water |
| What is the function of the smooth ER? | synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones |
| What is the function of the rough ER? | modify the structure of proteins |
| What is the function of the ER? | modifies proteins and synthesized lipids |
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? | sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | destroy pathogens with hydrolytic enzymes |
| What is the function of cilia? | move entire cells and substances among surface |
| What is the endomembrane system? | system that modifies, packages, and transports lipids and proteins |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | network of protein fibers and organelles within cytoplasm |
| What are the 3 types of fibers within cytoskeleton? | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| What is the function of microfilaments? | cellular movement |
| What is the function of intermediate filaments? | give cell structure |
| What is the function of microtubules? | make up the cell wall |
| What is the function of the extracellular matrix? | holds the cell together to form tissue and allows cells to communicate with each other |
| What is the function of the plasma derma? | channels that connect with another cell to allow for the transport of different materials |
| What is a tight junction? | proteins that hold 2 cells together |
| What is despises? | maintains the cells so that they're stacked on top of each other |
| What are gap junctions? | channels allowing for transportation of substances |
| What is the fluid mosaic model? | Model that describes the plasma membrane as many componenets |
| What are integral proteins? | Proteins that integrate completely into membrane structure |
| What are peripheral proteins? | Proteins that are on the interior and exterior |
| What is the function of peripheral proteins? | enzymes, structural attachments, or recognition sites |
| What are amphiphilic regions? | hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions |
| What is the flow of diffusion? | high to low |
| Does diffusion require energy? | NO |
| What causes molecules to move faster? | Being light, higher temp, low solvent density, nonpolar, smaller distance |
| What is facilitated transport? | Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins |
| What are transport proteins? | Carriers |
| What are aquaporins? | Channel proteins that allow water to pass through quick |
| What is osmosis? | movement of free water molecules through semipermeable membrane |
| What is tonicity? | how an extracellular solution can change a cell's volume by affecting osmosis |
| What is osmolarity? | Solution/s total solute concentration |
| What is hypotonic? | Extracellular fluid has lower concentration therefore water enters the cell |
| What is hypertonic? | Extracellular fluid has higher concentration therefore water leaves the cell |
| What is isotonic? | Water stays the same |
| What is the electrical gradient? | difference of charge across the plasma membrane |
| What does the sodium potassium pump work against? | the electrochemical gradiant |
| What is primary active transport? | moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge |
| What is secondary active transport? | movement of material due to electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport |
| What is uniporter? | protein transports specific ions and molecules |
| What is symporter? | protein transports two specific ions or molecules |
| What is anti porter? | protein carries ions or molecules in different directions |
| What is endocytosis? | type of active transport that moves particles into a cell |
| What is phagocytosis? | process in which cells take 9in large particles |
| What is pinocytosis? | process that takes in molecules that the cell needs from extracellular fluid |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | clathrin attaches to the plasma membrane's cytoplasmic side and removes material |
| What is exocytosis? | expels material from the cell into the extracellular fluid |
| What is clathrin? | portion of the plasma membrane's inward facing surface becomes coated with the protein which stabilizes this membrane's section |
Created by:
fstudying