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Final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The articular cartilage is composed of _______ cartilage and covers the articular surface on the ______ of a long bone. | Hyaline; epiphysis |
| A rounded or knuckle-like process is known as a | Condyle |
| Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? | Ethmoid bone |
| Rickets results from a dietary deficiency of ______. | Vitamin D or calcium |
| In compact bone tissue, the _______ are concentric layers of bone matrix, also known as the “rings” that encircle the central canals. | Lamellae |
| ________ is an autoimmune disorder in which the joint tissues are attacked by the patient’s own immune responses. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Hyperkyphosis is an ______ | Excessive thoracic curvature of the vertebral column |
| __________ is a movement that extends the foot at the ankle joint, pointing the toes like a ballerina | Plantar flexion |
| In a synovial joint, bones are bound together by _______ | An articular capsule |
| Sutures are _______ joints containing _______. | Fibrous; dense irregular connective tissue |
| All of the following are cartilaginous joints EXCEPT for the _______ | Condylar joint |
| A cartilaginous joint is usually ______ | Slightly movable |
| The cranial bone that articulates with the atlas is the ______ | Occipital bone |
| The head of the rib forms a joint with the costal facet on the ______ of a thoracic vertebra | Vertebral body |
| The hyoid bone _______ | Does not form a joint with any other bone |
| The maxilla forms joints with all of the following facial bones EXCEPT the_______ | Mandible |
| The skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses are the _______ | Maxillae, frontal bone, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
| The pelvic girdle is comprised of ________ | The sacrum and the coxal bones |
| The pelvic girdle forms joints with the ______ | L5 vertebra and the femurs |
| The pectoral girdles are comprised of _________ | Two scapulae and two clavicles |
| The trochlea of the humerus forms a joint with the________ | Ulna |
| The tibia articulates with the following bones EXCEPT the__________ | Calcaneus |
| The major components of the axial skeleton include_______ | The skull, vertebral column , and thoracic cage |
| The shaft of a long bone is referred to as the________ | Diaphysis |
| Skeleton system functions in all of the following EXCEPT the_________ | Production of vitamins |
| A herniated disc refers to when the center of a vertebral disc protrudes into the perimeter of the vertebral disc due to an excess amount of pressure. The center of the vertebral disc is also referred to as the_______ | Nucleus pulposus |
| The articulation between the atlas and axis is an example of what kind of joint? | None of the above |
| Cells that remove bone matrix are called | Osteoclasts |
| Scoliosis is an _______ | Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a _______ joint | Ball and socket |
| ________ is a movement that decreases the angle between the bones forming the joint. | Flexion |
| ________ is a movement that increases the angle between the bones forming the joint | Extension |
| The intervertebral disc joining vertebral bodies are examples of _______ joints | Cartilaginous |
| The muscles of the tongue are attached to the _______ | Hyoid bone |
| There are _____ pairs of true ribs, _______ pairs of false ribs, and _______pairs of floating ribs | 7;5;2 |
| The _______ has a dens | Axis(C2) |
| To form the pelvic girdle, the coxal bones form joints with_____ | Each other anteriorly and the sacrum posteriorly |
| The head of the humerus forms a joint with the _______ of the scapula | Glenoid cavity |
| The appendicular skeleton includes ________ | The upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdles, and the pelvic girdle |
| Except for regions covered by cartilage tissue, the entire surface of a bone is covered by_______ | Periosteum |
| A long bone consists of a long shaft, called a_______, that extends between two enlarged ends called the ________ | Diaphysis; epiphysis |
| Skeletal systems stores large amounts of________ | Calcium salts |
| The bones of the foot consists of seven______, five _______, and fourteen ________ | Tarsal bones; metatarsals; phalanges |
| A fossa is a______ | Small depression |
| Select the correct statement about bone growth | Osteoblasts deposit the bone matrix in both compact and spongy bone |
| During endochondral ossification, deposition of calcium salts leads to the death of ________ | Chondrocytes |
| The interior of an epiphysis is comprised of________ | Spongy bone |
| The muscle tissue that can be described as multinucleated, striated, and voluntary is_______ | Skeletal striated muscle |
| A skeletal muscle contains thick myofilaments that are made up of mostly the protein_______ | Myosin |
| A muscle fiber is stimulated to contract when receptors on the ________ bind with acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft by the terminal bouton of the _______ | Sarcolemma; motor neuron |
| The functional unit of skeletal muscle is _______ | A sarcomere |
| A ______contains a somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that it innervates | Motor unit |
| A muscle always contracts _________. This is known as the all or none response. | Completely |
| Contraction of myofibrils results from________cross bridges pulling_______ myofilaments to the center of a sarcomere | Myosin; thin |
| Muscle cells can store oxygen using the pigment ______ | None of the choices are correct |
| A sustained muscle contraction is referred to as_______ | Tetany |
| Muscle that is trained for endurance would have all of the following adaptations EXCEPT_______ | An increased number of myofibrils In muscle fibers |
| Muscles that work opposite of the muscles producing a movement are referred to as________ | Antagonists |
| When breathing, the muscles that surround the thoracic cavity undergo ________ contractions | Isotonic |
| Muscles are naked based on all of the following EXCEPT ________ | Amount of force produced |
| Which is the prime mover (agonist) used in smiling, when the corners of your mouth lift upward? | Zygomaticus |
| The deepest of the abdominal muscles is the ______ | Transverus abdominus |
| The muscle that extends the forearm is the _______ | Triceps brachii |
| In general, muscles on the anterior surface of the arm are ______ and muscles on the anterior surface of the leg are ______ | Flexors; extensors |
| Select the three muscles that compose the hamstrings and flex the leg | Biceps femoris; semimembranosus; semitendinosus |
| The superficial muscle that with an inferior attachment on the pubic bone and superior attachment on the tip of the sternum and costal cartilages is the_______ | Rectus abdominis |
| Cramps in a muscle can be caused by_______ | All of the choices are correct |
| Which of the following muscles of the forearm are NOT on the anterior surface? | Triceps brachii |
| Which muscle is responsible for elevating the corners of the mouth? | Zygomaticus |
| You encounter a child in the clinic and their parent reports that the child walks their hands progressively up their legs until they stand up. The child is a young boy and the mother is concerned. You know that the child is most likely exhibiting which sy | Gower’s sign |
| Which of the following muscular disorders does NOT have a vaccine available? | Both A and B DO have vaccines available |
| Which two muscles share the calcaneal tendon? | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls constitute a _______ which contains________ muscle fibers where precise muscle control is required. | Motor unit; very few |
| A skeletal muscle contains many fascicles of _____ bound together by_______connective tissue | Muscle fibers; dense irregular |
| An all or none response to a threshold stimulus is characteristic of ________ | Individual muscle fibers |
| A muscles motor units are activated by different thresholds of stimulation, which enables a muscle to exhibit_____ | Graded contractions |
| If a group of agonists and antagonists contract at the same time, producing the same force at a joint, what movement will occur? | No movement will occur. Both muscle groups will contract isometrically. |
| You discover a new muscle that has three bellies and is located in the anterior compartment of the leg. What should you name it? | Triceps curae |
| The muscle that abducts and extends the arm is the ________ | Deltoid |
| To raise the mandible during chewing you would need to contract what two muscles? | Masseter and temporalis |
| Two muscles of mastication are the ______ and _______ | Masseter; temporalis |
| Fibrosis of muscle tissue is caused by _____ | Replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous connective tissue |
| Which abdominal muscle has a superior attachment to the cartilage of ribs 9-12 pubis, and linea alba? | Transverus abdominis |
| One muscle fiber can be attached to multiple motor neurons | False |
| Which of the following muscles is NOT considered one of the hamstrings? | Sartorius |
| Which of the following is a general function of the nervous system? | Detection of internal and external environmental changes |
| The central nervous system is comprised of ______ | Brain and spinal cord |
| The motor division of the peripheral nervous system carries action potentials from_______ | The CNS to the effectors |
| The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system carries action potentials from_______ | The sensory receptors to the CNS |
| Which statement is true regarding the anatomy of the neuron | Some axons are myelinated; all dendrites and nerve cell bodies are unmyelinated |
| _______form the myelin sheath around axons in PNS | Schwann cells |
| ______join with the epithelium of blood vessels to form blood brain barrier in the brain | Astrocytes |
| Multipolar neurons are ______ | Either motor neurons or interneurons |
| The axon______ | carries action potentials away from the nerve cell body |
| If a neuron is located entirely in the CNS, this neuron is a _______ | Interneuron |
| The ________is the portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus and the other usual cytoplasmic organelles | Nerve cell body |
| The _____ releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft | Terminal bouton |
| When a neuron is activated by a threshold stimulus, ________channels open, which allows these ions to quickly_______ | Sodium; diffuse into the neuron |
| In a resting neuron, concentrations of _______are high in the ECF and low in the cytosol, whereas the concentration of _______ is high in the cytosol and low in the ECF | Sodium and chloride ions ; potassium ions |
| _______is the outermost layer of the meninges | Dura mater |
| The ______ is filled with cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid space |
| Which of the following controls appetite and digestive activity? | Hypothalamus |
| Most of the cerebrospinal fluid is formed within the _______ | Lateral ventricles |
| The ______ controls the ability to speak | Motor speech area |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the blood filled _______ along the superior midline within the dura mater | Dural venous sinus |
| The ________ controls skeletal muscles | Primary motor area |
| Which of the following is involved in sleep and wakefulness | Hypothalamus |
| Mood disorders, such as depression , are usually a result of malfunction within the______ | Limbic system |
| Which of the following is involved in forming cerebrospinal fluid | Choroid plexus |
| The areas identifying sensations from skin stimulation are located in the ______ | Parietal lobe |
| The ______ of the spinal cord contain the inter neurons that receive incoming sensory information | Posterior horns |
| The ______ of the spinal cord contain the nerve cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons | Lateral horns |
| The _______ are bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of inter neurons that extend up and down within the spinal cord | Nerve tracts |
| The posterior roots of the spinal nerves contain the _____ | Axons of sensory neurons |
| The chewing muscles are controlled by the _______ nerve | Trigeminal |
| The ______ nerve innervates the organs of respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems within the thoracic and abdominal cavities | Vagus |
| Nerves from the _______plexus innervate the skin and muscles pectoral girdles and upper limbs | Brachial |
| The sciatic nerves arise from the______plexus | Sacral |
| The parasympathetic part of autonomic division _______ | carries action potentials to the visceral organs to prepare the body for resting and digesting |
| The nerve cell bodies of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located in the ________\ | Autonomic ganglia located very near or within the effectors |
| The sympathetic part of the autonomic division ______\ | Fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete ______ | Acetylcholine |
| _______is associated with a loss of certain cholinergic neurons in the brain and a reduced ability of neurons | Alzheimer’s |
| _______is caused by an insufficient delivery of the neurotransmitter dopamine to neurons with the basal nuclei of the cerebrum | Parkinson’s disease |
| The PNS is comprised of_______ | Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors |
| ________are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal cells |
| The nerve cell body of a _______ is located in PNS | Sensory neuron |
| The dendrites of a neuron ______ | Carry impulses toward the nerve cell body |
| The _______increases the speed of action potential transmission | Myelin sheath |
| If a neuron is located entirely in the CNS , this neuron is a | Interneuron |
| At a synapse the receptors for the neurotransmitters are located _______ | On the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron |
| _______ is the innermost membrane of the meninges | Pia mater |
| Which of the following controls body temperature ? | Hypothalamus |
| Sensory areas for vision are located in the_____ | Occipital lobe |
| The _______ interprets the meaning of spoken and written language | Posterior language area |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid? | It transports neurotransmitters |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the spinal cord? | It interprets the sensory action potentials as sensations |
| Parasympathetic stimulation ______ | Decreases blood supply to skeletal muscles and increases blood supply to digestive organs |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of a general sense? | Equilibrium |
| The brain’s ability to pinpoint where a stimulus occurred in the body is called _______ | Projection |
| Sensory adaptation can be experienced when an olfactory receptor experiences | A constant level of stimulation |
| Chemoreceptors require that the chemical they sense to be_______ | Dissolved in a liquid |
| What type of sensory receptor is stimulated when tissues are damaged? | Nociceptor |
| Which of the following is true of the auditory tube? | It adjusts air pressure in the middle ear |
| The chemoreceptors inside the nose are found _____ | Within the epithelium lining the superior nasal conchae |
| The cochlear duct contains all of the following except ____ | Perilymph |
| Which of the following is a function of the vitreous humor? | It holds the retina against the wall of the eye |
| Where are the stereocilla of the hair cells for the sense of hearing located? | In contact with the tectorial membrane of the spiral organ |
| All of the following are extrinsic muscles of the eyeball except for the _____ | Lateral oblique |
| Cranial nerve _______ is responsible for relaying action potentials to neurons within the olfactory tract | I |
| Children are prone to middle ear Infections because of the shape of the _______ allows bacteria to more easily enter the middle ear | Auditory tube |
| Which of the following matters most when interpreting sensations | The part of the cerebral cortex that receives the action potentials |
| What type of receptors are involved in monitoring body position? | Proprioceptors |
| Rods are filled with a pigment called _____ and the lack of it can lead to ______ | Rhodopsin; night blindness |
| Deafness that can be overcome by using a hearing aid is called ____ deafness | Conduction |
Created by:
Senoye1