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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ________ specifies the operation to be performed | opcode |
| A(n) _________ expresses operations in a concise algebraic form using variables | high-level language |
| There must be ________ instructions for moving data between memory and the registers | memory |
| ________ instructions operate on the bits of a word as bits rather than as numbers, providing capabilities for processing any other type of data the user may wish to employ | logic |
| _________ instructions provide computational capabilities for processing number data | arithmetic |
| _______ instructions are needed to transfer programs and data into memory and the results of computations back out to the user | I/O |
| The x86 data type that is a signed binary value contained in a byte, word, or doubleword, using twos complement representation is _________ | integer |
| The most fundamental type of machine instruction is the _________ instruction | data transfer |
| The _________ instruction includes an implied address | skip |
| The entire set of parameters, including return address,which is stored for a procedure invocation is referred to as a _________ | stack frame |
| _________________________, an ARM operation category, includes logical instructions (AND, OR, XOR), add and subtract instructions, and test and compare instructions? | data-processing instructions |
| In the ARM architecture only _________ instructions access memory locations | load and store |
| A branch instruction in which the branch is always taken is _________ | unconditional branch |
| The operation of the processor is determined by the instructions it executes, referred to as _________ or computer instructions | machine instructions |
| The collection of different instructions that the processor can execute is referred to as the processor’s _________ | instruction set |
| Source and result operands can be in one of four areas: main or virtual memory, immediate, I/O device, and _________ | processor register |
| Opcodes are represented by abbreviations, called __________ that indicate the operation | mnemonics |
| Instruction types can be categorized as: data processing, data storage, control, and ________ | data movement |
| Zero-address instructions are applicable to a special memory organizations called a _________, which is a last-in-first-out set of locations | stack |
| The most important general categories of data are: addresses, numbers, characters, and _________ | logical data |
| Today the most commonly used character code is the IRA, referred to in the United States as _____________ | ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) |
| ________ instructions are those that change the format or operate on the format of data | Conversion |
| _________ instructions are those that can be executed only while the processor is in a certain privileged state or is executing a program in a special privileged area of memory | System control |
| A self-contained computer program that is incorporated into a larger program is a __________ | procedure |
| The x86 provides four instructions to support procedure call/return: CALL, ENTER, LEAVE, and _________ | RETURN |
| _________ are bits in special registers that may be set by certain operations and used in conditional branch instructions | Status flags |
| Intel’s ________ technology is a set of highly optimized instructions for multimedia tasks | MMX |
| The advantage of __________ is that no memory reference other than the instruction fetch is required to obtain the operand | immediate addressing |
| The principal advantage of ___________ addressing is that it is a very simple form of addressing | direct |
| The advantages of _________ addressing are that only a small address field is needed in the instruction and no time-consuming memory references are required | register |
| For _________, the address field references a main memory address and the referenced register contains a positive displacement from that address | indexing |
| Indexing performed after the indirection is __________ | postindexing |
| For the _________ mode, the operand is included in the instruction | immediate |
| _________ is a principle by which two variables are independent of each other | orthogonality |
| The _________ was designed to provide a powerful and flexible instruction set within the constraints of a 16-bit minicomputer | PDP-11 |
| The __________ byte consists of three fields: the Scale field, the Index field and the Base field | SIB |
| All instructions in the ARM architecture are __________ bits long and follow a regular format | 32 |
| The actual mapping to a physical address is a function of the _________ and is invisible to the programmer | paging mechanism / memory management unit (MMU) |
| The simplest form of addressing is __________ addressing | immediate |
| Not common on contemporary architectures, ___________ requires only one memory reference and no special calculation, but provides only a limited address space | direct addressing |
| Just as register addressing is analogous to direct addressing, ________ addressing is analogous to indirect addressing | register indirect |
| A very powerful mode of addressing, __________ combines the capabilities of direct addressing and register indirect addressing, requiring that the instruction have two address fields, at least one of which is explicit | displacement addressing |
| __________ is when the increment or decrement of the index register after each reference to it is done automatically as part of the same instruction cycle | Autoindexing |
| Sometimes referred to as a pushdown list or last-in-first-out queue, a __________ is a linear array of locations | stack |
| In the __________ mode the instruction includes a displacement to be added to a base register, which may be any of the general-purpose registers | base with displacement |
| A(n) __________ defines the layout of the bits of an instruction in terms of its constituent fields, must include an opcode and, implicitly or explicitly, zero or more operands | instruction format |
| “All instructions should have the ‘natural’ number of operands” and “all operands should have the same generality in specification” are two criteria that were used in designing the __________ instruction format | VAX |
| __________ explicitly specifies which segment register an instruction should use, overriding the default segment-register selection generated by the x86 for that instruction | Segment override |
| The _________ byte specifies whether an operand is in a register or in memory, and if it is in memory, then fields within the byte specify the addressing mode to be used | ModR/M |
| The __________ instruction set is designed to increase the performance of ARM implementations that use a 16-bit or narrower memory data bus and to allow better code density than provided by the ARM instruction set | Thumb |
| __________ is a program that translates assembly language into machine code | assembler program |
| __________ is a program routine that copies an executable program into memory for execution | Loader |
| Software in a form that can be run in the computer is __________ | Executable Code |
| The __________ is a collection of all possible instructions for a particular computer | instruction Set |
| __________ language consists of instructions directly executable by the processor | Mashine |
| __________ are most frequently used in branch instructions | labels |
| The __________ is the name of the operation or function of the assembly language statement | mnemonic |
| An assembly language statement includes ___________ operands | zero or more |
| A(n) __________ identifies an immediate value, a register value, or a memory location | operand |
| A ___________ is a section of a program that is written once, and can be used multiple times by calling the subroutine from any point in the program | subroutine |
| A __________ is a section of code that the programmer writes once, and then can use many times | macro definition |
| __________ are continuous sequences of bits, bytes, words, or doublewords | Strings |
| The __________ directive specifies whether NASM should generate code designed to run on a processor operating in 16-bit mode, 32-bit mode, or 64-bit mode | BITS |
| The __________ directive is used to declare a symbol which is not defined anywhere in the module being assembled, but is assumed to be defined in some other module and needs to be referred to by this one | extern |
| A ___________ makes a single pass through the assembly code to produce the machine code | one pass |
| A ___________ is a program that converts another program from some source language to machine language | Assembler |
| ___________ is a symbolic representation of the machine language of a specific processor, augmented by additional types of statements that facilitate program writing and that provide instructions to the assembler | Assembly Language |
| __________ code is the machine code generated by a source code language processor such as an assembler or compiler | Executable code |
| __________ is a utility program that combines one or more files containing object code from separately compiled program modules into a single file containing loadable or executable code | Linker |
| A statement in a typical assembly language consists of four elements: label, mnemonic,__________, and comment | Operand |
| In the case of a machine instruction, a _________ is the symbolic name associated with a particular opcode | mnemonics |
| __________ addressing refers to a memory location and is expressed as a displacement from the DS segment register | Direct addressing |
| __________ addressing indicates that the value is encoded in the instruction | Immediate addressing |
| A ___________ is a command embedded in the assembly source code that is recognized and acted upon by the assembler | directive |
| The __________ is a software utility that takes an assembly program as input and produces object code as output | assembler |
| An __________ loader requires that a given load module always be loaded into the same location in main memory | absolute |
| The function of a __________ is to take as input a collection of object modules and produce a load module, consisting of an integrated set of program and data modules, to be passed to the loader | linker |
| The term __________ is used to refer to the practice of deferring the linkage of some external modules until after the load module has been created | dynamic linking |
| __________ occurs if two or more processes are sharing a DLL module, but expect different versions of the module | DLL hell |
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