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Ch. 13 & 12 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A little boy reverting to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school is an example of which defense mechanism? | regression |
| Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. This is an example of which defense mechanism? | reaction formation |
| "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief." This El Salvadoran saying is an example of which defense mechanism? | projection |
| A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable." Which defense mechanism is this person employing? | rationalization |
| A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother puts her in a time-out. Which defense mechanism is this girl displaying? | displacement |
| A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair. Which defense mechanism is at fault here? | denial |
| According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain. | ego |
| According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification. | id |
| According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience). | superego |
| In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ____ at that stage. | fixation |
| Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ____ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ____. | unconsciously; anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings |
| ____ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image by describing it or telling a story about it | projective |
| According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the ____, seeks to gratify the impulses of the ____ in more acceptable ways. | ego; id |
| Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of our moral compass" is related to the ____, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgements. | superego |
| According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to | fixation at that stage |
| Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our | anxiety |
| Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called ____. | repression |
| In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on | the collective unconscious |
| Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about | the existence if unconscious mental processes |
| What three things are part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? | repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events, schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations, and stereotypes that affect our information processing |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on | his study of healthy, creative people |
| The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called | unconditional positive regard |
| Some who is imaginative, prefers variety, and is independent is likely | high in openness |
| Someone who is organized, careful, and disciplined is likely | high in conscientiousness |
| Someone who is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate is likely | high in extraversion |
| Someone who is soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful is likely | high in agreeableness |
| Someone who is anxious, insecure, and self-pitying is likely | high in neuroticism |
| which big five personality factor determines emotional stability/instability? | neuroticism |
| Someone who is calm, secure, and self-satisfied is likely | low in neuroticism |
| Someone who is ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative is likely | low in agreeableness |
| Someone who is retiring, sober, and reserved is likely | low in extraversion |
| Someone who is disorganized, careless, and impulsive is likely | low in conscientiousness |
| Someone who is practical, prefers routine, and is conforming is likely | low in openness |
| What does OCEAN stand for? | openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
| Albert Bandura proposed the ____-____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. | social-cognitive |
| Who were/was the key proponent(s) of the psychoanalytic personality theory? | Freud |
| Who were/was the key proponent(s) of the psychodynamic personality theory? | Adler, Horney, Jung |
| Who were/was the key proponent(s) of the humanistic personality theory? | Maslow, Rogers |
| Who were/was the key proponent(s) of the trait personality theory? | Allport, Costa, H. Eysenck, S. Eysenck, and McCrae |
| Who were/was the key proponent(s) of the social-cognitive personality theory? | Bandura |
| What are the key assumptions of the psychoanalytic personality theory? | Emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics, such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages. Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety. |
| What are the key assumptions of the psychodynamic personality theory? | The unconscious and conscious minds interact. Childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important. |
| What are the key assumptions of the humanistic personality theory? | Rather than focusing on disorders born of dark conflicts, it's better to emphasize how healthy people may strive for self-realization. |
| What are the key assumptions of the trait personality theory? | We have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions. |
| What are the key assumptions of the social-cognitive personality theory? | Our traits interact with the social context to produce our behaviors. |
| What is the psychoanalytic view of personality? | Personality consists of pleasure-seeking impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego). |
| What is the psychodynamic view of personality? | The dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shapes our personality. |
| What is the humanistic view of personality? | If our basic human needs are met, we will strive toward self-actualization. In a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept. |
| What is the trait view of personality? | Scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). |
| What is the social-cognitive view of personality? | Conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns. Our behavior in one situation is best predicted by considering our past behavior in similar situations. |
| What are the personality assessment methods used for the psychoanalytic theory? | free association, projective tests, dream analysis |
| What are the personality assessment methods used for the psychodynamic theory? | projective tests, therapy sessions |
| What are the personality assessment methods used for the humanistic theory? | questionnaires, therapy sessions, life story approach |
| What are the personality assessment methods used for the trait theory? | personality inventories |
| What are the personality assessment methods used for the social-cognitive theory? | observing behavior in realistic situations |
| What is the best way to predict a person's future behavior? | examine their behavior in past, similar situations |
| What are the biological influences on personality? | genetically determined temperament, autonomic nervous system reactivity, brain activity |
| What are the psychological influences on personality? | learned responses, unconscious thought processes, expectations and interpretations |
| What are the sociocultural influences on personality? | childhood experiences, situational factors, cultural expectations, social support |
| The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called ____-____ ____. | self-serving bias |
| ____ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is linked to angry and aggressive behavior. | Defensive |
| ____ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life. | Secure |
| When someone's concept of self is independent, meaning that their identity comes from internal, individual traits, one can assume that they come from what type of culture? | individualistic |
| When someone's concept of self is interdependent, meaning that their identity comes from group roles, one can assume that come from what kind of culture? | collectivistic |
| People from ____ ____ often feel that their life task is to discover and express their uniqueness. | individualistic cultures |
| People from ____ ____ often feel that their life task is to maintain connections, fit in, and perform their role. | collectivistic cultures |
| If I come from an individualistic culture, what would matter most to me? | me - personal achievement and fulfillment, individual rights and liberties, and my self-esteem |
| If I come from a collectivistic culture, what would matter most to me? | us - group goals and solidarity, social responsibilities and relationships, and family duty |
| What coping method is commonly employed in cultures with a high degree of individualism? | change reality |
| What coping method is commonly employed in cultures with a high degree of collectivism? | accommodate to reality |
| What is morality defined by in individualistic cultures? | the individual (choice-based) |
| What is morality defined by in collectivistic cultures? | social networks (duty-based) |
| In individualistic cultures, relationships are | easier to enter and leave |
| In collectivistic cultures, relationships are | fewer but closer and more stable |
| People in individualistic cultures often believe that behavior reflects | the individual's personality and attitudes |
| People in collectivistic cultures often believe that behavior reflects | social norms and roles |
| ____ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion. | trait |
| The most widely used personality inventory is the | MMPI |
| Our scores on personality tests best predict | our average behavior across many situations |
| The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as internal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is | the presence of books in a home |
| Critics say that ____-____ personality theories are very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that they give too little attention to the person's enduring traits. | social-cognitive |
| The tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the ____ ____. | spotlight effect |
| Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted? | The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect. |
| Individualist cultures tend to value ____; collectivist cultures tend to value ____. | independence; interdependence |
| What are some examples of biological factors that influence psychological disorders? | evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry |
| What are some examples of psychological factors that influence psychological disorders? | stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories |
| What are some examples of sociocultural factors that influence psychological disorders? | roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder |
| What are some risk factors for mental disorders? 1/2 | academic failure, birth complications, caring for those who are chronically ill or who have a neurocognitive disorder, child abuse and neglect, chronic insomnia, chronic pain, family disorganization or conflict, low birth weight, low socioeconomic status |
| What are some risk factors for mental disorders? 2/2 | medical illness, neurochemical imbalance, parental mental illness &/or substance abuse, personal loss & bereavement, poor work skills & habits, reading/sensory disabilities, social incompetence, stressful life events/trauma experiences, substance abuse |
| What are some protective factors for mental disorders? 1/2 | aerobic exercise; community offering empowerment, opportunity, & security; economic independence; effective parenting; feelings of mastery & control; feelings of security; high self-esteem; literacy; positive attachment & early bonding |
| What are some protective factors for mental disorders? 2/2 | positive parent-child relationships; problem-solving skills; resilient coping with stress & adversity; social & work skills; social support from family & friends |
| Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and ____ ____ ____. | major depressive disorder |
| A therapist says that psychological disorders are illnesses, and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist's belief reflects the ____ model. | medical |
| Many psychologists reject the disorders-as-illness view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved - for example, the person's level of stress and ways of coping. This view represents the ____ approach. | biopsychosocial |
| ____ (Women/Men) are more likely than ____ (women/men) to die by suicide. | Men; women |
| The symptoms of ____ appear around age 10; ____ tend(s) to appear later, around age 25. | schizophrenia; bipolar disorders |
| An episode of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations is called | a panic attack |
| Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called ____ ____. | specific phobia |
| Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having ____-____ disorder. | obsessive-compulsive |
| When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is called | hypervigilance |
| The learning perspective proposes that specific phobias are | conditioned fears |
| The gender gap in depression refers to the finding that ____ (men's/women's) risk of depression is roughly double that of ____ (men's/women's). | women's; men's |
| Rates of bipolar disorders in the United States rose dramatically between 1994 and 2003, especially among | people age 19 and under |
| Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ____ and ____. | serotonin; norepinephrine |
| A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience | delusions |
| Chances of recovery from schizophrenia are best when | onset is sudden, in response to stress |
| Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because | it is almost never reported outside North America |
| A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by | inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| PET scans of murderer's brains have revealed | lower-than-normal activity in the frontal lobes |
| Bulimia nervosa is marked by | weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges |
| People with a(n) ____ ____ have an intelligence test score of about 70 or below. | intellectual disability |
| When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ____ ____ theory attempts to explain why. | cognitive dissonance |
| Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure's demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist ____ ____. | Stanley Milgram |
Created by:
ccons