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APUSH
Adams, Jefferson, Madison, War of 1812
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| XYZ Affair | conflict between US and France that lead to an undeclared war known as the Quasi War; Both France and Britain had been abusing our neutral position |
| impressment | act of manipulation in which public use is seized for public service; Britain used this tactic against the US to show their contempt and it became one of the causes to the War of 1812 |
| Quasi War | undeclared war that resulted from the XYZ affair; the French negotiate the "Convention of 1800" which in turn is an act of peace/defeat for Hamilton who was leading the large army Congress funded for this conflict |
| Alien & Sedition Acts | John Adams signed this document which gave the President the authority to take away civil rights and punish any criticism of the government; violates 1st Ammendment; deports dangerous aliens; US citizenship delayed; damages Adams' rep |
| Judiciary Bill of 1801 | bill that created a lot of Federalist judges, also known as the "Midnight Judges" ; will later be repealed by Jefferson; biggest case was Marbury vs. Madison |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the US; tied with running mate Aaron Burr in Election of 1800; won on 30th ballot; hated banks and taxes but kept BUS while in office; believes small white farmers was the future of America; strict constructionalist; pragmatic leader; |
| Louisiana Purchase of 1803 | Jefferson displayed flexibility in this deal with France, in which the King was offering land for $15 mil in purpose to establish French presence in Haiti (which would fail) |
| Barbary War (1801-1805) | international naval affair against the pirates; fought and won by ~500 Greeks, Turks, and Arab mercenaries with US support; Jefferson puts Haiti under virtual quarantine and gave no credit to their slave republic, which gave us the Louisiana Purchase |
| Chesapeake Affair (1807) | HMS leopard fires at USS Constitution after Jefferson attempts neutrality in the Revolution between Europe and France; lead to Embargo Act |
| Embargo Act 1807 | US economy decreases as well as Jefferson's popularity and reputation; resulted from the Chesapeake Affair |
| James Madison | "Father of the Constitution"; known for the War of 1812; influenced the idea of republic form of gov; his presidency saw a remarkable change in American fortunes and political trajectory; repealed Embargo Act as well as Non - Intercourse Act |
| Macan's Bill | 10th Ammendment; Madison pushed this; declared that if one country (Britain or France) behaved, we would trade with them |
| Tecumseh | Great Shawnee Chief; him and his brother the prophet pushed to unite all Indian tribes against white settlers; killed by WHH at the Battle of Thames |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | US victory against Tecumseh and the Indians; WHH lead and burned Prophetstown while Tecumseh wasn't even there; Indians would then join the British |
| William Henry Harrison (WHH) | lead US victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe; helped secure Detroit; attempted to negotiate with multiple Indian chiefs much to Tecumseh's distaste; future Prez; would later kill Tecumseh |
| Warhawks | Young Congressmen who pushed Madison to support a declaration of war |
| Name British/American advntges prior to War of 1812: | America had homefield advntge; Britain had a better navy and army but US was still strong -- we were just small |
| War of 1812 | US declared war on September 17, 1812; a 3 way contest in which Indians lose and Britain & US tie; aka "Second War of Independence" |
| Battles for the Canadian Frontier | Phase 1 for the War of 1812: US motivated to rid of British and capture Canada because they were supplying the Indians with resources and weapons; British fought to teach US a lesson and take our territory |
| Detroit & Niagara | US defeated -- we began poorly |
| Battle of Lake Erie | Oliver Hazard Perry victorious at this battle on Lake Erie; him and Harrison's "W"'s secured Detroit; Redemption from poor loss at Detroit and Niagara |
| Battle of Thames | Tecumseh was killed by WHH at this battle; enabled US control over Northeast |
| Battle of Chippewa | well - drilled US soldiers forced British regulars to retreat at this battle; little else was accomplished |
| privateers | Both Britain and US used this naval strategy to capture merchant ships |
| USS Constitution | most famous US naval warship; won several single ship duels; was attacked by the HMS Leopard because the British wasnted revenge |
| Andrew Jackson | biggest hero and personality of the War of 1812; future Prez; destroyed Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814; he was tough with a horrible temper; nicknamed "Sharpknife" |
| Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1814 | Andrew Jackson was hero of this US victory against the Creeks; the same year of this battle, Napoleon was defeated in Europe and England suddenly had available forces |
| Battle of Plattsburgh | American naval and land forces stopped a larger British force at this battle on Lake Champlain |
| British Offensives | Phase 2 for the War of 1812: (A) British Northern Offensive v. Canada, (B) British Chesapeake Bay v. DC & Baltimore, (C) British Gulf Coast v. New Orleans -- all 3 were US victories |
| British Chesapeake Bay v. DC & Baltimore | (2/3 )British Offensives; US troops ran away and DC was burned in Aug. of 1814; would have been British "W" but their operation failed and the offensive was abandoned when the US bombarded Ft. McHenry |
| British Gulf Coast v. New Orleans | (3/3) British Offensives; occurred after the Treaty of Ghent where neither the British nor Andrew Jackson knew the war was over; Jackson scored a tremendous victory however, on Jan. of 1815 |
| Treaty of Ghent | Proposed in - between British offensives; no territories were exchanged and the British did NOT agree to end impressment (but eventually they did) |
| John C. Calhoun | Congressmen from South Carolina; VP for JQA and AJ; one of the most important WarHawks; secretary of war for James Monroe; wanted to protect the whites of the South and vouched for slavery |
| William Clark | Thomas Jefferson's secretary; US army and co -commander of the Western expedition across the Louisiana territory; he was selected more for his experience than his education |
| Henry Clay | Congressman from Kentucky and Speaker of House; important leader of the War Hawks; he forged the Compromise of 1850 and failed as a presidential candidate |
| Richard Mentor Johnson | he was one of the most scandalous US public officials in our history; soldier under WHH and later VP under Martin Van Buren |
| John Marshall | he was the first powerful Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; appointed by John Adams and served until his death; his decisions established a strong court and his most famous case was the Marbury vs Madison |
| Albert Gallatin | Secretary of Treasury under TJ; oversaw lowering taxes while still increasing the nation's revenue; he fought for public treasury |
| Zebulon Pike | American soldier who led an expedition to explore the southern portion of the Louisiana territory; he was arrested by Spanish authorities when he strayed into their territory; he had previously won at the Battle of York |
| Sacagawea | Young Indian woman who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expedition; wife of Charbonneau; she served them as translator and negotiator |
| Meriwether Lewis | US military officer and secretary to President Jefferson; he was appointed to lead the western expedition across Louisiana to the Pacific Ocean; trained under top scientists to prepare for the trip |
| Major Successes of the War of 1812: (~5) (even though it was a small war) | (A) Nationalism (B) Growth of US Industry --> we manufacture ourselves (C) New Generation of Heroes/Personalities (like AJ) (D) Indians Lost --> pushed west & lost their lands (E) Federalist Party Extinct (never supported the War effort) |
| Era of Good Feelings | this was a period of political calm in the US; the Dem Rep Party was the only strong party but would soon divide into Northern and Southern wings |
| Tariff of 1816 | this tax raised rates to protect American manufacturers; BUS rechartered but will expire in 1811 ; this is one example of Madison co - opting (or stealing) Federalist policies |
| Madison's Bonus Bill of 1817 | this bill allowed funding for the Cumberland Road, which was the first Federally funded road |
| Rush - Bagot Treaty (1817) | this treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and would later extend to the entire US-Canadian border |
| Treaty of 1818 | this treaty mostly straightened out the Canadian border and established joint occupation of the Oregon Country; will now enable US whalers to operate in Pacific waters |
| First Seminole War (1818) | Andrew Jackson exceeded his orders to secure the US-Canadian border and his invasion of the Seminole and "Black Seminole" strongholds is aka ___? John C. Calhoun wanted Jackson reprimanded for his action, while JQA supported him |
| Adams - Onis Treaty | this treaty established western limits of LA; ensured Spanish sovereignty over Texas; and Spanish withdrawal claims of Pacific Northwest |
| Missouri Compromise (1820 ) | Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, which created the first slavery crisis in history; abolitionist policies attempted but Southerners rejected it altogether; always passed in House but not in Senate; Maine entered as free state & a line is drawn |
| Mason-Dixon Line | Territorial line that divided the slave states from the free states |
| Panic of 1819 | American farmers saw their profits tumble because crop prices were falling as a result of the the Napoleonic Wars; rampant land speculation was a contributing factor; BUS triggered a chain reaction--contracting credit; banks and businesses went bankrupt |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | United States had concerns about the newly independent Latin Amerian nations; we were still a racist peoples, but we sympathized being newly independent ourselves; foreign meddling becomes a dangerous influence |
| 1st Party System | Federalists v. Republicans made up this party system |
Created by:
chippy06