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BIOCHEM_CARBOHYDRATE
BIOCHEM_FINALS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| are the most abundant biological molecules | Carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates are composed of | C, O, H |
| are polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone | Carbohydrates |
| Functions of Carbohydrates | Provide Energy, Precursor of other biomolecules, Storage – energy reserve, Part of Nucleic Acid Structure, Component of Cell membrane (with lipids) |
| smallest and the building block of carbohydrates | Monosaccharide |
| Monosaccharide contains only one unit of | polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone |
| two monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bond | Disaccharide |
| three to ten monosaccharides | Oligosaccharide |
| Oligosaccharide are commonly found in | conjugated biomolecules |
| hundreds to 50,000 units | Polysaccharide |
| Monosaccharides are classified by | Number of carbon atoms and Functional Group |
| contains an aldehyde group | aldose |
| contains a ketone group | ketose |
| Most biological molecules, including carbohydrates, exhibit the property of | handedness |
| it is a molecule whose mirror images are superimposable | achiral |
| a monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right | D-monosaccharide |
| a monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the left | L-monosaccharide |
| stereoisomers that are mirror images | Enantiomers |
| stereoisomers that are not mirror images | Diastereomers |
| diastereomers that differ around 1 carbon | Epimers |
| A two-dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters | Fischer Projection |
| the new stereocenter resulting from cyclic formation | anomeric carbon |
| carbohydrates that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons | anomers |
| The two anomers can freely interconvert in solution | mutarotation |
| Common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective | Haworth Projections |
| C=O is on second carbon | ketose, penta |
| C=O is on first carbon | aldose, hexa |
| in beta structure of haworth , the OH is on the | upper |
| in alpha structure of haworth , the OH is on the | lower |
| Also called dextrose (D-glucose) and blood sugar | GLUCOSE |
| Glucose is fround in ______quantities throughout the living world | large |
| primary fuel for living cells | GLUCOSE |
| Glucose is the preferred energy source of brain cells and cells that have | few or no mitochondria |
| Glucose dietary sources include | starch & disaccharides, lactose, maltose, and sucrose |
| formula of glucose & galactose | C6H12O6 |
| Necessary to synthesized lactose, glycolipids, certain phospholipids, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. | GALACTOSE |
| GALACTOSE is readily synthesized from | glucose-1-phosphate. |
| Fructose is also called | levulose or fruit sugar |
| Fructose is found on some | vegetables and honey |
| The sweetest sugar, twice as sweet as sucrose | Fructose |
| used as sweetening agent in processed food products | Fructose |
| it is used by sperm as an energy source | Fructose |
| 5 Important Reactions of Monosaccharides | Oxidation, Reduction, Glycoside Formation, Phosphate Ester Formation, Amino Sugar Formation |
| Oxidation gives three different types of acidic sugars, what are those | Aldonic acid, Aldaric acid, Alduronic acid |
| oxidation reaction where it uses weak oxidizing agents | Aldonic |
| oxidation reaction where it uses strong oxidizing agents | Aldaric |
| Weak oxidizing agents only oxidize the | aldehyde end |
| Strong oxidizing agents can oxidize the | both ends of a monosaccharides |
| Enzymes can oxidize the primary end of alcohol | Alduronic |
| The carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent. | reduction |
| product of reduction of monosaccharide | polyhydroxy alcohol, sugar alcohol. |
| used as moisturizing agents in foods and cosmetics and as a sweetening agent in chewing gum. | sorbitol (glucitol) |
| major factor in the formation of cataracts due to diabetes | sorbitol (glucitol) |
| what sugar is called that reduces silver ions to free silver and copper (III) ions o copper (I) ions. | reducing sugar |
| A reducing sugar will have one of the following groups | an aldehyde group (glyceraldehyde) a hydroxyketone group (fructose) a cyclic hemiacetal group (glucose and maltose) |
| The Benedict, Barfoed, and Fehling Tests are based on the formation of a | brick red copper (I) oxide precipitate as a positive result |
| The cyclic forms of monosaccharides, the hemiacetals, react with alcohols to form acetals, also called | glycosides |
| is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide | glycoside |
| A glycoside is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the | hemiacetal carbon-OH group with an-OR group to form a double ether |
| The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form | inorganic esters |
| are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates. | Phosphate esters |
| in amino sugar formation, one of the Hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide is replaced with an | amino group |
| are important building blocks of polysaccharides such as chitin and hyaluronic acid | Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives |
| a carbohydrate in which the –OH of the anomeric carbon is replaced by –OR | Glycoside |
| Glycoside derived from furanoses are | furanosides |
| Glycoside derived from pyranoses are | pyranosides |
| the bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR group | glycosidic bond |
| Also called malt sugar | MALTOSE |
| MALTOSE is a disaccharide with an | α(1,4) glycosidic linkage between two D-glucose molecules |
| A degradation product of cellulose | CELLOBIOSE |
| CELLOBIOSE contains 2 molecules of | glucose |
| Also called as milk sugar | LACTOSE |
| LACTOSE is a disaccharide composed of | galactose & glucose |
| Commonly called table sugar, cane sugar, and beet sugar. | SUCROSE |
| SUCROSE are produced in the | leaves and stems of plants |
| Arrangement of these monosaccharide in the oligosaccharide determines the | blood type of a person |
| are Y-shaped proteins | antibodies |
| is the principal food reserve in plants | Starch |
| is a straight chain polymer of D-glucose units | Amylose |
| is a branched chain polymer of D-glucose units | Amylopectin |
| is the storage polysaccharide in animals | Glycogen |
| how many glucose residues for glycogen | 8-12 |
| the most impostant structural polysaccharide of plants | cellulose |
| most abundant organic substance on earth | cellulose |
| cellulose comprises ______ of plant biomass | one-third |
| a polysaccharide that is like cellulose, both in its biological function and its primary, secondary, and tertiary structure | Chitin |
| Chitin is present in | cell walls of fungi |
| it is made by treating chitin shells with an alkaline substance | Chitosan |
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