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ANAPHY_LYMPHATIC
ANAPHY_FINALS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 major functions of lymphatic system | fluid balance, defense, lipid absorption |
| excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels | Lymph |
| collects lymph from lymph capillaries | LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
| carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes | LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
| returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart | LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
| right lymphatic duct | LYMPHATIC VESSELS |
| Materials returned to the blood | Water, Blood, Proteins |
| Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels | Bacteria, Viruses, Cancer cells, Cell debris |
| filter lymph before it is returned to the blood | LYMPH NODES |
| engulf and destroy foreign substances | Macrophages |
| provide immune response to antigens | Lymphocytes |
| defense cells within lymph nodes | Macrophages & Lymphocytes |
| other lymphoid organs that contribute to lymphatic function | Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer’s patches |
| located on the left side of the abdomen | SPLEEN |
| filters blood | SPLEEN |
| forms blood cells in the fetus | SPLEEN |
| acts as a blood reservoir | SPLEEN |
| located low in the throat, overlaying the heart | THYMUS |
| functions at peak levels only during childhood | THYMUS |
| produces hormones (like thymosin) | THYMUS |
| small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx | TONSILS |
| trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials | TONSILS |
| is caused by congestion with bacteria | Tonsillitis |
| found in the wall of the small intestine | PEYER’S PATCHES |
| resemble tonsils in structure | PEYER’S PATCHES |
| capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine | PEYER’S PATCHES |
| what is MALT | MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE |
| Acts as sentinels | MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE |
| MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE is composed of | Peyer’s patches, Tonsils, Appendix |
| The body has______ defense systems for foreign materials | two |
| what are these defense systems | Innate (nonspecific) defense system & Adaptive (specific) defense system |
| mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders | Innate (nonspecific) defense system |
| responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials | Innate (nonspecific) defense system |
| specific defense is required for each type of invader | Adaptive (specific) defense system |
| Also known as the immune system | Adaptive (specific) defense system |
| specialized human cells & body surface coverings | NONSPECIFIC (INNATE) BODY DEFENSES |
| intact skin & mucous membranes | NONSPECIFIC (INNATE) BODY DEFENSES |
| SURFACE MEMBRANE BARRIERS (FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE) | The skin & Stomach mucosa |
| physical barrier to foreign materials | The skin |
| pH of the skin | acidic |
| why is the pH of the skin acidic | to inhibit bacterial growth |
| _______is toxic to bacteria | Sebum |
| Vaginal secretions are | very acidic |
| Secretes hydrochloric acid | Stomach mucosa |
| Has protein-digesting enzymes | Stomach mucosa |
| Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain | lysozyme |
| Mucus traps microorganisms in | digestive and respiratory pathways |
| CELLULAR AND CHEMICAL DEFENSES (SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE) | Phagocytes, Natural killer cells, Inflammatory response, Antimicrobial chemicals, & Fever |
| Neutrophils and Macrophages | Phagocytes |
| Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole | Phagocytes |
| Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material | Phagocytes |
| Can lyse and kill cancer cells | Natural killer cells |
| Can destroy virus-infected cells | Natural killer cells |
| triggered when body tissues are injured | Inflammatory response |
| _________Produces four cardinal signs | Inflammatory response |
| what are the four cardinal signs of inflamation | redness, heat, swelling, pain |
| Inflammatory response results in a chain of events leading to | protection and healing |
| 3 functions of inflammatory response | prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair |
| 3 types of antimicrobial chemicals | Complement, Interferon, Fluids with acid pH |
| A group of at least 20 plasma proteins | Complement |
| Activated when they encounter and attach to cells | Complement |
| Damage foreign cell surfaces | Complement |
| Will rupture or lyse he foreign cell membrane | Complement |
| secreted proteins of virus-infected cells | Interferon |
| Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding | Interferon |
| Abnormally high body temperature | Fever |
| Hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by______ | pyrogens which is secreted by white blood cells |
| High temperatures inhibit the release of______ | iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria |
| Fever also increases the speed of | tissue repair |
| recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances | Antigen specific |
| not restricted to the initial infection site | Systemic |
| recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens | Has a memory |
| TYPES OF IMMUNITY | Humoral immunity, Cellular immunity |
| mediated immunity | antibody |
| Cells produce chemicals for defense | Humoral immunity |
| what type of immunity is the antibody | Humoral immunity |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Cellular immunity |
| Cells target virus infected cells | Cellular immunity |
| any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response | ANTIGENS |
| examples of common antigens | Foreign proteins, Nucleic acids, Large carbohydrates, Some lipids, Pollen grains, Microorganisms |
| Human cells have many | surface proteins |
| Our immune cells do not attack our | own proteins |
| Our cells in another person's body can trigger an | immune response because they are foreign |
| INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN | HAPTENS |
| Many small molecules are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins, and these small molecules are | HAPTENS |
| it requires protein molecules called carriers to bind | HAPTENS |
| The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein-hapten combination | true |
| The immune response in protein-hapten combination is | harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells |
| cells of the immune system | LYMPHOCYTES & MACROPHAGES |
| lymphocytes originate from | hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow |
| become immunocompetent in the bone marrow | B lymphocytes |
| become immunocompetent in the thymus | T lymphocytes |
| Arise from monocytes | MACROPHAGES |
| Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs | MACROPHAGES |
| B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a | specific antigen |
| The binding event of the B lymphocytes activates the lymphocytes to undergo | clonal selection |
| A large number of clones are produced | primary humoral response |
| Most B cells become | plasma cells |
| Produce antibodies to destroy antigens | B cells become plasma cells |
| Some B cells become | long-lived memory cells |
| Some B cells become long-lived memory cells | secondary humoral response |
| Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies | ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
| can be naturally or artificially acquired | Active immunity |
| They spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response | BENEFITS FROM VACCINES |
| The weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory | BENEFITS FROM VACCINES |
| Antibodies are obtained from someone else | PASSIVE IMMUNITY |
| Soluble proteins secreted by B cells | ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULINS / Igs) |
| ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULINS / Igs) are carried in | blood plasma |
| Capable of binding specifically to an antigen | ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULINS / Igs) |
| which immune response B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen | HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| which immune response The binding event activates the lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection | HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| which immune response A large number of clones are produced (primary humoral response) | HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| which immune response Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation) | CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| which immune response Occurrence of double recognition’ | CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| which immune response After antigen binding, clones form & different classes of cells are produced | CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE |
| what are the T cells clones | Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells |
| Specialized in killing infected cells | Cytotoxic T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells insert a toxic chemical called | perforin |
| Recruit other cells to fight the invaders | Helper T cells |
| type of T cells that interact directly with B cells | Helper T cells |
| type of T cell that release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells | Suppressor T cells |
| type of T cells that stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity | Suppressor T cells |
| what are the major type of grafts | Autografts, Isografts, Allografts, Xenografts |
| type of grafts where tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person | Autografts |
| tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin) | Isografts |
| tissue taken from an unrelated person | Allografts |
| tissue taken from a different animal species | Xenografts |
| type of grafts that are ideal donors | Autografts and isografts |
| type of grafts that are never successful | Xenografts |
| type of grafts that result in a more successful tissue transplant with a closer tissue match | Allografts |
| TWO FUNDAMENTAL BENEFITS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY | Understanding of the cause and progression of many diseases, The development or proposed development of methods to prevent, stop, or even reverse disease |
| what are the kinds of immunosuppressive therapy | - Corticoids to suppress inflammation - Antiproliferative drugs - Radiation (X-ray) therapy - Immunosuppressant drugs |
| Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal | IMMUNODEFICIENCIES |
| IMMUNODEFICIENCIES may be | congenital or acquired |
| Includes AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome | IMMUNODEFICIENCIES |
| HIV targets cells | AIDS |
| Phase I of AIDS progression | Flu like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, Chills, fever, Fatigue, body aches |
| Phase II of AIDS progression | Opportunistic infections present & Helper T cells affected |
| Phase III of AIDS progression | Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter of blood |
| The immune system does not distinguish between self and non self | DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY |
| The body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissue | DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY |
| systemically destroys joints | Rheumatoid arthtitis |
| impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles | Myasthenia gravis |
| destroys the white matter (myelin sheaths) of the brain and spinal cord | Multiple sclerosis |
| thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine | Grave's disease |
| destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in deficient production of insulin | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| a systemic disease thatb occurs mainly in young women and particularly affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
| a sever impairment of kidney function | Glomerulonephritis |
Created by:
ah_jusyyy