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DEEZ NUTZ
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Battle of Trafalgar | A naval conflict on October 21, 1805, that marked a great victory for the British against the combined fleets of French and Spanish fleets |
| Categorical imperative | According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the internal sense of moral duty or awareness possessed by all human beings. |
| Congress of Vienna | A meeting of ambassadors from European states that took place from November 1814 to June 1815 and sought to prevent the recurrence of the Napoleonic Wars and arrange a lasting peace. |
| Emile | The novel of Rousseau that presents his view on how the individual could lead a good and happy life uncorrupted by society. |
| Francisco Goya | (1745-1828) Romantic painter and the most important Spanish artist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | (1770-1831) German philosopher. The most important philosopher of history in the romantic period and one of the most important thinkers in the history of Western civilization. |
| Horatio Nelson | (1758-1805) The great British admiral responsible for the victory at Trafalgar against the French and Spanish, who also destroyed the French fleet at Abukir in 1798. |
| Johann Gottfried Herder | (1744-1803) German romantic writer and critic of European colonialism, who revived German folk culture by encouraging the collection and preservation of distinctive German songs and sayings. |
| Joseph Mallord William Turner | (1775-1851) English romantic artist who depicted the power of nature and the forces of new industrialism. |
| Klemens von Metternich | (1773-1859) German diplomat who served as the Austrian empire's foreign minister and who took the lead role in a new system of cooperative conservatism that would become known as the Concert of Europe. |
| Lord Byron | (1788-1824) British romantic writer who rejected old traditions and championed the cause of personal liberty. |
| Mary Godwin Shelly | (1797-1851) English writer and author of Frankenstein, considered the first scientific fiction novel. |
| Methodism | An English religious movement begun by John Wesley (1703-1791) that stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of attaining Christian perfection in this life |
| Napoleonic code | The Civil Code of 1804 through which Napoleon reformed and codified French law; confirmed the abolishment of all forms of property and privileges based on birth. |
| Romanticism | A reaction in early-nineteenth-century literature, philosophy, and religion against what many considered the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment. |
| Sturm and Drang | Meaning "storm and stress." A movement in German romantic literature and philosophy that emphasized feeling and emotion. |
| Treaty of Press burg | The peace of December 2, 1805, that followed Napoleon's great victory over the combined forces of Austria and Russia at Austerlitz, in which Napoleon became recognized as king of Italy. |
| Treaty of Tilsit | Peace of July 7, 1807, concluded by Russian tsar Alexander I and Napoleon I that confirmed France's gains and allied it with Russia. |
| Consulate | French government dominated by Napoleon from 1799 to 1804 |
| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | (1749-1832) Perhaps the greatest German writer of modern times, whose masterpiece, Faust, describes the pact with the devil. |
| Carlsbad Decrees | Decrees issued by the major German states in 1819 to dissolve the student associations. |
| Catholic Emancipation Act | Act in 1829 that allowed Roman Catholics to become members of the English Parliament. |
| Concert of Europe | Term applied to the European great powers acting together (in "concert") to resolve international disputes between 1815 and the 1850s. |
| congress system | A series of international meetings among the European great powers to promote mutual cooperation between 1818 and 1822. |
| conservatism | Support for the established order in church and state that, in the nineteenth century, implied support for legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches; favored only gradual, or "organic," change. |
| Corn Law | Passed by the British Parliament in 1815 to maintain high prices for domestically produced grain by levying import duties on foreign grain; it was the first in a series of Corn Laws enacted in the United Kingdom from 1815 to 1846. |
| David Ricardo | (1772-1823) British political economist who in his most famous work, Principles of Political Economy, argued for the "iron law of wages." Claimed that as wages increase, parents have more children, who in turn, enter the labor force and thus depress wages |
| Decembrist Revolt | Crisis that took place on December 14, 1825, when Nicholas I ordered his cavalry and artillery to attack the Moscow regiment of the Russian army, which had refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new tsar. |
| Great Reform Bill | A limited reform of the British House of Commons and an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied classes. It laid the groundwork for further orderly reforms within the British constitutional system. |
| "Irish problem" | Under English rule in 1800, Irish nationalists who wanted independence or at least some measure of autonomy. |
| John Stuart Mill | (1806-1873) English philosopher and political economist and one of the most important thinkers in the history of liberalism, whose idea of liberty endorsed the freedom of the individual as opposed to the unlimited control of the state. |
| July Monarchy | Following the abdication of Charles X, the proclamation in 1830 of the Chamber of Deputies that Louis Philippe was the "king of the French," thus ending the rule of the Bourbon Dynasty. |
| July Revolution | The king and his ministers' attempt at a royalist seizure of power in 1830 in the wake of the stunning liberal victory in the French elections. |
| liberalism | Support for the protection and enhancement of individual rights; in the nineteenth century, shared the ideas of the Enlightenment as stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. |
| nationalism | The belief that people are part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguish it from other nations and make it the primary focus of people's loyalty and sense of identity. |
| nationhood | In the eyes of nineteenth-century nationalists, a concept of that would promote economic and administrative efficiency; enable nations to pursue their own destinies; distinguish nations as distinct creations of God; and allow nations as distinct creations |
| Nicholas I | (1796-1855) Emperor of Russia (r. 1825-1855); represented autocracy, with use of censorship and surveillance by secret police throughout his reign. |
| Peterloo Massacre | Response on August 16, 1819 to a mass meeting in the industrial city of Manchester, which demanded the reform of Parliament, in which royal troops and local militia fired on the crowd on the orders of local officials. |
| Simón Bolívar | (1783-1830), Venezuelan military and political leader and an advocate of both independence and a republic; crushed the main Spanish royalist forces at the Battle of Ayacucho. |
| Thomas Malthus | (1766-1834) English cleric and scholar who argued in his book, Essay on the Principle of Population, that the human population grows at a geometric rate, this outsripping the food supply, which expands at an arithmetic rate. |
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