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Ethics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the branches of ethics | normative ethics, metaethics, applied ethics, and bioethics |
| what is ethics | the study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy |
| descriptive ethics | the study of morality using the methodology of science |
| what does descriptive ethics do? | investigates the actual benefits, behaviors, and practices that constitute people's moral experiences |
| what is morality | concerns beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good or bad persons |
| what is normative ethics | search for and justification of moral standards and norms |
| what does normative ethics do | finds what is common within groups and understands what is right and wrong |
| what is metaethics | the study of meaning and justification of basic moral benefits |
| what is an example regarding metaethics? | is stealing wrong |
| what is applied ethics | the use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues, no hypothetical questions |
| what is bioethics | applied ethics focused on health care, medical science and medical technology |
| what are moral norms | normative dominance, universality, impartiality, reasonableness |
| what is normative dominance | one norm is more present than other norms, one is more important than others (dont lie, dont kill) |
| what is universality | ideas that are applicable in all places throughout the world |
| what is impartiality | the idea that everyone should be considered equal |
| what does impartiality address? | situations without bias or judgement |
| what is reasonableness | the idea should make sense, logic should be sensible, use knowledge to apply it |
| what is moral obligations | responsibility to do an action |
| what is moral values | idea that actions are morally right or wrong, people are morally good or bad |
| what is the absolute principle | you believe what you believe and no one can tell you otherwise |
| what is the prima facie principle | applies in all cases with some exceptions |
| what is an example of a idea that follows the prima facie principle | abortion is wrong unless it is to save a life |
| what is autonomy | making your own decisions, the ability to choose for yourself |
| what is nonmaleficence | do no harm or unintentionally inflict harm on others |
| what is a violation of nonmaleficence | to do harm |
| what is beneficence | idea that we should do good to others |
| what is an example of beneficence | a doctor says you have cancer so you get an operation to remove your cancer and now it is gone |
| what is an example of a violation of beneficence | a doctor says you have cancer and you dont get the operation to remove the cancer so the cancer is still there |
| what is utility | idea that we should produce the mose favorable balance of good over bad for all concerned |
| what is the idea of utility | do more beneficial things than harmful things |
| what is the idea of justice | fairness, what is fair in life, people getting what is |
| what is distributive justice | concerns the fair distribution of societys advantages and disadvantages |
| what is procedural justice | according to this principle, if individuals view the procedures of decision making as fair, then they will view the outcome as just, regardless of if it benefits them or not |
| what is moral objectivism | idea that at least some moral standards are objective, principles that are true for everyone |
| ethical relativism | moral standards are not objective, what is true based on the individual's culture |
| what is moral absolutism | the belief that objective moral principles allow no exceptions, should be applied the same way in all cases |
| what is subjective relativism | you determine what is right |
| what is cultural relativism | your culture determines what is right |
| what is the cultural relativism theory | if people's judgements are different from culture to culture, moral norms are related to culture so there is no objective moral standards |
| what is the foundation of an argument? | at least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion) |
| what is a deductive argument | gives LOGICAL support to a conclusion |
| what do good arguments have | solid logical structure and a true premise and conclusion |
| what is an inductive argument | gives probable support to a conclusion |
| what is a moral argument | when a conclusion is ethically moral - has at least one moral premise and 1 nonmoral premise |
| what is a moral premise | it can be supported by moral principles and theories, considered moral judgements |
| what is a moral theory | an explanation of why an action is right or wrong |
| what does a moral theory do? | tells us what it is about an action that makes it right |
| what is the consequentialist theory | the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or result |
| what does consequentialism look at | the consequences of an action and decides if it is good or bad |
| according to consequentialism is torture right or wrong if it saves 1000 people? | yes because the good outweighs the bad according to this theory |
| what is the deontological theory | the rightness of actions is determined not only by their consequences but partly by their intrinsic nature |
| what does deontological ethics worried about ? | the action rather than the outcome |
| according to deontological ethics is torture wrong? | yes because the act of torturing is bad |
| what is utilitarianism? | the good outweighs the bad |
| what is another name for utilitarianism | consequentialism |
| what is act-utilitarianism | the act is good or bad if the result is good or bad |
| what does act utilitarianism depend on | depends on the outcome |
| what is rule-utilitarianism | we create a rule, law or policy by following that rule it is classified as right or wrong |
| what is an example of rule-utilitarianism | doctors can't kill one patient to save another |
| what is another name for deontological ethics | kantian ethics |
| what does kantian ethics look at | the action |
| what does kantian ethics support | supports truth telling and always treat a person as though they have value |
| what is a violation of kantian ethics | if you don't like someone but they get a good grade in the class so you use them to get a good grade |
| what is principlism | we should use multiple values and principles to determine if something is ethical or not |
| what is another name for the natural law theory | Thomasian ethics |
| what is the double effect of natural law theory | is the action ethical? was the intent good? is the bad thing a means to a good thing does the good outweigh the bad |
| what is contractarianism | moral or political theories based on the idea of a mutual social contract agreement |
| what is virtue ethics | focuses on the development of good character |
| what is ethics of care | the heart of the moral life is feeling/caring for those who you have a connection with |
| what are the assumptions of feminist ethics? | women's concerns are not as important as men's women are less mature or rational |
| what is casuistry | method of moral reasoning that emphasizes case and analogy rather than universal principles and theories |
| what is moral criteria of adequacy | consistency with our considered moral judgements, consistency with the facts of moral life, resourcefulness in moral problem solving |
| what is paternalism | the overriding of a persons actions or decision-making for his own good |
| what is strong paternalism | the idea that the person is capable to make decisions for themselves but the doctor makes it for them anyways |
| what is weak paternalism | paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or who is not capable of making self decisions |
| what is collective autonomy | sense of paternalism, just a different person deciding for individuals |
| what is refusing treatment | patients have the right to refuse treatment even if it means saving their life |
| what is physician autonomy | gives physicians the freedom to choose the conditions they work in and what type of care they give to patients |
| what is medical futility | treatment you provide isn't going to have an impact on the health outcome |
| what is an example of medical futility | if you have cancer and the dr. gives you aspirin, the aspirin isn't going to affect your cancer |
| what is quantitative medical futility | no measurable changes in the outcome |
| what is qualitative medical futility | does cause a change but the change isn't large enough to have an impact |
| what is an advanced directive | legal document that speaks for you and your wants if you are incapacitated |
| what does utilitarianism allow for ? | allows the possibility of paternalism |
| what is informed consent? | the action of an informed person agreeing to submit medical treatment and is knowledgeable about the risks and benefits |
| if something is medically futile than it is what? | futile treatment |
| what is AND? | allow natural death |
| what was the Dax Cowart case? | the patient refused treatment for burns, his refusal of treatment was ignored and he was forced to undergo treatment anyways |
| what was the ruling in the Dax Cowart case? | medical paternalism prevails, courts ruled against Dax |
| what was violated in the Dax Cowart case? | patient autonomy, he was determined to be competent but they wouldn't let him decide to end treatment for himself |
| what is full disclosure | when should and shouldn't we tell the truth |
| what are arguments against full disclosure | it can be harmful, evoke patients' feeling of panic, hopelessness, fear and depression |
| what is the main argument of full disclosure | always respect patients autonomy, to not tell someone the truth goes directly against their autonomy |
| what is confidentiality | obligations of providers and others to keep personal health information of patients |
| what is the right to privacy | authority of a person to control who can have and use information about themselves |
| what is the basis of the case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California | when a patient poses danger of violence to others |
| what is the ethical ideal of informed consent | physicians are obligated to tell patients about possible medical interventions and to respect their choices regarding them |
| what is competence | the ability to make decisions about medical interventions |
| what happened in the case of Canterbury v. Spence | regards informed consent, patient wasn't informed about a risk of the surgery and ended up being paralyzed |
| what are the ideas surrounding ethics and the Maasai | - believe in collective autonomy -don't tell the full truth - decision-making process is very contextual, influenced by the immediate environment and culture |
| what are the ideas of the maasai regarding health and medicine | use cattle urine for medical purposes |
| what are ethical considerations and challenges in the context of the maasai culture | - against any form of physician assisted suicide - collective autonomy - physician/family may not provide information to the patient - the family will not allow disclosure of terminal illness to the patient |
| what are Hindus opinions on end of life decisions? | about 9% of hindus have advanced directives - the more religious someone is the less likely they are to have an advanced directive |
Created by:
kenzieblair8