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Chapter 3.2 Earth Sc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Magnitude | the strength of an earthquake |
| normal fault | a fault in which the hanging wall slides down the footwall |
| reverse fault | a fault in which the hanging wall climbs up the footwall |
| epicenter | the point inside the earth directly above an earthquake's focus |
| focus | the point inside the earth where an earthquake begins |
| love wave | a fast surface wave that moves in a side-to-side pattern as it travels forward |
| seismograph | an instrument that measures and records seismic waves |
| aftershock | a tremor that follows a large earthquake |
| fissure | a tear in the crust caused by the friction of a fault |
| liquefaction | the process by which soil loses strength and acts as a liquid instead of a solid |
| tsunami | a very large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption |
| What is the connection between tectonic plate movement and earthquakes? | According to plate tectonic theory, the earth's plates are constantly moving against each other. since the plates don't have smooth edges, they get caught on each other which builds up stress on the plates. the stress continues to build until the plates |
| What is the connection between tectonic plate movement and earthquakes? (2) | move apart, which triggers an earthquake. |
| when do earth's plates cause earthquakes? | when the pressure is released that built up after they caught on each other |
| what term is used to describe the strength of an earthquake? | magnitude |
| what determines how large an earthquake will be? | the amount of pressure that is released |
| other than shifting plates, what else can cause earthquakes? | erupting volcanoes, explosions caused by humans, collapsing buildings, and any other force that is strong enough to produce seismic waves |
| where are earthquakes most likely to occur? | along plate boundaries |
| identify the typical magnitude of earthquakes that occur along each of the three types of plate boundaries | a. divergent - low magnitude b. convergent - low to high magnitude c. transform - moderate to high magnitude |
| identify the type of boundary along which earthquakes of each depth category typically erupt | a. shallow-focus - divergent and transform boundaries b. intermediate focus - convergent boundaries c. deep-focus - convergent boundaries |
| identify the likely magnitude of earthquakes occurring in each depth zone | a. shallow-focus - low magnitude b. intermediate focus - low to high magnitude c. deep-focus - low to high magnitude but usually high magnitude |
| explain how the depth of an earthquake's focus affects how it is experienced on the surface | shallow-focus earthquakes tend to do more damage than deep-focus earthquakes because their energy does not have as much space to diminish before it affects the crust's surface |
| what term describes a fault in which the rocks move past each other sideways? | strike-slip |
| in which direction does the hanging wall slide in a normal fault? | down |
| in what type of fault does the hanging wall climb up the footwall? | reverse fault |
| what is fault creep? | fault creep is the slow, almost continuous movement of rock along a fault |
| how is fault creep different from fault movement in an earthquake? | fault creep is slow and steady; the movement of a fault that causes an earthquake is sudden and jarring |
| what kind of fault movement does the Hayward fault demonstrate? | fault creep |
| which seismic waves travel through the earth, are detected first by seismograph machines and have a compressional wave pattern? | P waves |
| which seismic waves that travel through the earth are detected second by seismograph machines and move the earth perpendicular to the direction they are traveling? | S waves |
| which seismic waves travel only on or near the surface and have a side-to-side motion? | Love waves |
| which seismic waves travel only on or near the surface and move the earth in an elliptical pattern as their energy continues to move forward? | Rayleigh waves |
| what is the difference between intensity and magnitude | intensity is a subjective description of an earthquake's effects on earth's surface but magnitude is a measurement of the strength of an earthquke |
| what are three scales that can be used to measure an earthquke's intensity? | a. japan me.terological agency seismic intensity scale - used in japan and taiwan b. modified mercalli intensity scale used in the united states c. european macroseismic scale - 98 used in europe and other areas around the world |
| what two scales can be used to measure an earthquake's magnitude? | a. richter scale - mathematical formula, uses seismograph information, good for california earthquakes, less accurate for large magnitude earthquakes, not used much anymore. |
| what two scales can be used to measure an earthquake's magnitude? (2) | b. moment magnitude scale - mathematical formula, uses seismograph information, good for use around the world, accurate for any size earthquake, widely used. |
| list 4 naturally occuring side effects of earthquakes | aftershocks, fissures, liquefaction and tsunamis |
| how can liquefaction change the earth's surface? | liquefaction can result in sand boils, landslides, and the tilting or collapse of ground that was once flat |
| what causes a tsunami to become taller than a normal wave? | when a tsunami enters shallower water, the wave's bottom slows down because of friction. as the wave's underside slows, the wave's length decreases and its height increases. |
Created by:
basflowers