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Linux+ 005
Study Guide A & A Chapt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Which web server is used in the popular LAMP stack? A. nginX B. Apache C. Lighthttpd D. PostgreSQL | (B) The combination of a Linux server running the Apache web server and the MySQL database server and utilizing the PHP programming language became known as the LAMP platform and can be found in Linux servers all over the world. *Linux *Apache *MySQL *PHP |
| 2. A _____ runs in the background and listens for client connection requests for a single A. Daemon B. Super-server C. Shell D. Graphical desktop | (A) A daemon is a single application that runs in background listening for client connection requests. A super-server listens for more than one application, so option B doesn’t apply. The shell doesn’t listen for network connections; it launches applications interactively, so option C is incorrect. The graphical desktop also allows you to launch applications, but it doesn’t listen for client connection requests, so option D is incorrect |
| 4. How does a server know what client request is sent to which application daemon? A. IP addresses B. Ports C. Ethernet addresses D. Services | (B) Linux services listen on well-known ports for requests from clients |
| 5. What popular open source web servers can also perform as a load balancer? A. nginX B. Apache C. PostgreSQL D. Lighthttpd | (A) The nginX web server can serve as a load balancer and send client requests to multiple backend web servers. |
| 6. What format does MongoDB use to store data elements in the database? A. Relational B. YaML C. JSON D. Encrypted | (C) The MongoDB database server uses the JSON format for storing data records. The relational database is a type of database system and not a method for storing data. |
| 3. Which open source database provided fast performance and became a popular choice for web applications? A. MongoDB B. PostgreSQL C. MySQL D. NoSQL | (C) .When first released, the MySQL database server focused on speed, making it a popular choice for high-volume Internet web applications, |
| 7. Which part of the Linux mail process is responsible for sending emails to remote hosts? A. MUA B. MTA C. MDA D. Evolution | (B) The MTA package is responsible for connecting with remote mail hosts to deliver email messages |
| 8. Which part of the Linux mail process allows you to create filters to automatically redirect incoming mail messages? A. MUA B. MTA C. MDA D. Evolution | (C) The MDA allows you to create filters to match email messages to redirect to other folders, |
| 9. What protocol should you use to mount folders from remote Linux servers on your local Linux server? A. SNMP B. NTP C. DHCP D. NFS | (D) The NFS protocol is used to share folder areas on the network with clients |
| 10. Th _____ software package allows your Windows workstations to mount a folder stored on a Linux server. A. ntpd B. Samba C. DHCPd D. Evolution | (B) The Samba software package allows a Linux server to communicate with Windows servers and clients using the SMB protocol |
| 11. Which two software packages are used in Linux to maintain log files? (Choose two.) A. rsyslogd B. journald C. ntpd D. DHCPd | (A & B) The rsyslogd program is used by SysV init systems to log events, and the journald program is used by Systemd systems to log events |
| 12. Which software program should you load on your Linux server to synchronize its time with a standard time server? A. DHCPd B. BIND C. ntpd D. Samba | (C) The ntpd service uses NTP to synchronize the server time with a remote system, s |
| 13. What software package allows a Linux server to print to a network printer? A. DHCPd B. BIND C. ntpd D. CUPS | (D) The CUPS application provides printer drivers and services that allow Linux systems to connect with local and remote printers, |
| 14. If you see the named program running in the background on your Linux server, what service does it provide? A. Network time B. Hostname resolution C. Dynamic IP address allocation D. Printing | (B) The named program is part of the BIND application, which provides hostname resolution services |
| 15. Which authentication package used to be called by the name “Yellow Pages”? A. Samba B. Kerberos C. NIS D. BIND | (C) The NIS package was formerly called Yellow Pages (YP), but the name had to be changed due to trademark issues |
| 16. What package do you need to install to allow your Linux server to provide IP addresses to clients on your local network? A. DHCPd B. BIND C. ntpd D. Evolution | (A) The DHCPd program provides DHCP server services on a local network |
| 17. The _____ package allows you to create a secure tunnel across a private network to access your local network remotely. A. BIND B. ntpd C. OpenSSH D. OpenSSL | (C) The OpenSSH package allows you to use certificates to establish a secure connection between two devices on the network. |
| 18. What server role should you implement to block your local network clients from accessing sports websites during business hours? A. A DHCP server B. A web server C. A web proxy D. A container | (C) A web proxy server allows you to intercept client web requests and block any requests based on rules you define. |
| 19. What server role should you implement to increase performance on your company’s website? A. A load balancer B. A web proxy C. A DHCP server D. A container | (A) A load balancer sends client requests to one server within a cluster of servers to balance traffic among the servers. |
| 20. A allows your developers to easily deploy applications between development, test, and production. A. web proxy B. DHCP server C. container D. cluster | (C) A container allows developers to develop applications in a controlled environment that can easily be deployed to other servers. |
| nginx | is open source Web server software that also performs reverse proxy, load balancing, email proxy and HTTP cache services. The software was originally created by Igor Sysoev as an answer to the challenge of handling 10,000 concurrent user connections: the C10k problem. |
| Apache | What is Apache Web Server? Apache HTTP Server is a free and open-source web server that delivers web content through the internet. It is commonly referred to as Apache and after development, it quickly became the most popular HTTP client on the web. |
| Lighthttpd | is an open-source web server optimized for speed-critical environments while remaining standards-compliant, |
| PostgreSQL | is a powerful, open source object-relational database system that uses and extends the SQL language combined with many features . PostgreSQL database focused on implementing fancy database features instead of speed. |
| Deamon | a service process that runs in the background and supervises the system or provides functionality to other processes. |
| Super-Server | are programs that listen for network connections for several different applications. When the super-server receives a request for a service from a client, it spawns the appropriate service program. |
| Shell | The shell is the Linux command line interpreter. It provides an interface between the user and the kernel and executes programs called commands. For example, if a user enters ls then the shell executes the ls command. |
| Graphical Desktop | provides an easy interface for users to interact with the operating system and all files and programs. You start programs by selecting them from a menu system or clicking a desktop icon. |
| MongoDB | It was released in 2009 as a full NoSQL-compliant database management system. It stores data records as individual JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) elements, making each data document independent of the others. The database server supports many relational database features, such as indexes, queries, replication, and even load balancing. The MongoDB database server provides object-oriented database features but doesn’t focus on performance, |
| MySQL | database server didn’t originally try to compete with commercial databases. Instead, it started out as a project to create a simple but fast database system. Because of its focus on speed, the MySQL database server became the de facto database server used in many high-profile Internet web applications. |
| NoSQL | NoSQL is a database storage method that incorporates object-oriented data records and is not a database server package itself NoSQL database stores data values in documents. Each document is independent of all of the other documents in the database. Each document can also contain different data elements. |
| IP addresses | Every device on a local network must have a unique IP address to interact with other devices on the network. |
| Ports | are defined within the TCP and UDP standards to help separate network traffic going to the same IP address. The IETF assigns different services to different ports for communication. |
| Services | Server applications are launched by the Linux server without human intervention. When a Linux server can launch services directly, they’re called daemons. The daemon runs in the background and listens for client connection requests. A super-server runs in the background and listens for client connection requests for multiple services. |
| Relational | A relational database stores data records in individual data tables. Each data type consists of one or more data fields that contain individual data elements. A data record is an instance of data for each data field in a table. |
| YaML | YaML is a plaintext method for creating configuration files. Graphical applications such as yaml and K-Mail are popular for reading email in Linux desktop environments |
| JSON | JavaScript Object Notation |
| MUA | Mail User Agent is the program that interacts with end users, allowing them to view and manipu- late email messages. Therefore, the MUA programs don’t usually run on the server side but rather on the client side. The MUA allows clients to connect to the email server to read their messages, |
| MTA | Mail Transfer Agent is responsible for handling both incoming and outgoing email messages on the server. For each outgoing message, the MTA determines the destination host of the recipient address. If the destination host is a remote mail server, the MTA must establish a communication link with another MTA program on the remote host to transfer the message. The MDA allows you to create rules for processing mail locally, not to remote servers |
| MDA | Mail Delivery Agent pro grams to deliver messages to local users. Because these MDA programs concentrate only on delivering messages to local users, they can add bells and whistles that aren’t available in MTA programs that include MDA functionality. The MDA program receives messages destined for local users from the MTA program and then determines how those messages are to be delivered. |
| Evolution | A Graphical application for reading mail. |
| SNMP | Simple Network Management Protocol provides a way for an administrator to query remote network devices and servers to obtain information about their configuration, status, and even performance. SNMP operates in a simple client/server paradigm. Network devices and servers run an SNMP server service that listens for requests from SNMP client packages. The SNMP client sends requests for data from the SNMP server. |
| NTP | Network Time Protocol For many network applications to work correctly, both servers and clients need to have their internal clocks coordinated with the same time. It allows servers and clients to synchronize on the same time source across mul- tiple networks, adding or subtracting fractions of a second as needed to stay in sync. |
| DHCP | Clients can request a valid IP address for the network from a DHCP server. A central DHCP server keeps track of the IP addresses assigned, ensuring that no two clients receive the same IP address. |
| NFS | is a protocol used to share folders in a network environment. With NFS, a Linux system can share a portion of its virtual directory on the network to allow access by clients as well as other servers. In Linux, the software package used to accomplish this is nfs-utils |
| ntpd | program synchronizes a Linux system with remote NTP servers on the Internet. |
| Samba | software package (note the clever use of embedding SMB in the name) was created to allow Linux systems to interact with Windows clients and servers. With Samba, your Linux system can act either as a client, connecting to Windows server shared folders, or as a server, allowing Windows workstations to connect to shared folders on the Linux system. |
| DHCPd | The most popular Linux DHCP server package is maintained by the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) For Linux DHCP clients, there are three popular packages that you can use: ■ dhclient ■ dhcpcd ■ pump Most Debian- and Red Hat–based distributions use the dhclient package |
| rsyslogd | The SysVinit and Upstart systems utilize the rsyslogd service to accept logging data from remote servers. Both rsyslogd and journald use configuration files that allow you to define just how data is logged and what clients the server accepts log messages from. |
| journald | The Systemd system utilizes the journald service for both local and remote log- ging of system information. Both rsyslogd and journald use configuration files that allow you to define just how data is logged and what clients the server accepts log messages from. |
| BIND | to provide DNS naming services. Was developed in the (the early 1980s) at the University of California, Berkeley open source software. Main program in BIND is named, that runs on Linux servers and resolves hostnames to IP addresses for clients on the local network. The beauty of DNS is that one BIND server can communicate with other DNS servers to look up an address on remote networks. This allows clients to point to only one DNS name server and be able to resolve any IP address on the Internet! |
| CUPS | The standard Linux print sharing software package The CUPS software allows a Linux system to connect to any printer resource, either locally or via a network, by using a common application interface that operates over dedicated printer drivers. The key to CUPS is the printer drivers. |
| Network time | NTP and ntpd |
| Hostname resolution | BIND and DNS |
| Dynamic IP address allocation | DHCPd provides dynamic IP address allocation on a local net- work |
| IPP | Internet Printing Protocol CUPS uses it for connecting to network printers. |
| Kerberos | was developed at MIT as a secure authentication protocol. It uses symmetric- key cryptography to securely authenticate users with a centralized server database. The entire authentication process is encrypted, making it a secure method of logging into a Linux server. |
| NIS | is a directory service that allows both clients and servers to share a common naming directory. The NIS naming directory is often used as a common repository for user accounts, hostnames, and even email information on local net- works. The NIS system was originally designed at Sun Microsystems and released under the clever name Yellow Pages (YP). |
| OpenSSH | The OpenSSH package provides secure Telnet, FTP, and even remote copy features using SSH. The OpenSSH program also supports a feature called tunneling |
| OpenSSL | package provides standard certificate functions for both servers and clients. You can set up your Linux server to create certificates for clients and then authenticate them for network applications. |
| DHCP Server | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Clients can request a valid IP address for the network from a DHCP server. A central DHCP server keeps track of the IP addresses assigned, ensuring that no two clients receive the same IP address. |
| Web Server | Linux-based web servers host the majority of websites, including many of the most popular websites. ■ Apache ■ nginX ■ lighthttpd |
| Web Proxy Server | allows you to intercept web requests from local network clients. By intercepting the web requests, you have control of how clients interact with remote web servers. The web proxy server can block websites you don’t want your network clients to see, and the server can cache common websites so that future requests for the same pages load faster. Linux most popular is Squid package and nginX is gaining popularity |
| Container | help solve this problem by creating a self-contained environment to encapsulate applications. A container packages all of the necessary application files, library files, and operating system libraries into a bundle that you can easily move between environments. *Docker *Kubernets |
| A load Balancer | is a special application of clustering. A load balancer redirects entire client requests to one of a cluster of servers. While a single server processes the entire request, the client load is distributed among the multiple servers automatically. Common Linux load-balancing packages include HAProxy, Linux Virtual Server (LVS), nginX web server. |
| inetd | The original super-server program created for Linux was the internet daemon (inetd) application. The inetd program ran as a daemon, listening for specific requests from clients |
| xinetd | extended internet daemon (xinetd) application is an advanced version of inetd. It too launches service programs as requested by clients, but it contains additional features, such as access control lists (ACLs), more advanced logging features, and the ability to set schedules to turn services on and off at different times of the day or week. |
| How do you start server programs in Linux | Server programs in Linux can either run continually in the background as a daemon process or be started from a super-server daemon when requested by a client. |
| How do clients know how to contact a server program | Server applications listen for client connections on well-known ports. Clients must send a connection request to the server on the well-known port for the application they want to interact with. |
| Explain the components commonly used in a LAMP stack | The LAMP stack uses the Linux operating system, the Apache web server, the MySQL database server, and the PHP programming language to provide a platform for web applications. |
| How do Linux server share files in a local network. | Linux servers can use the nfs-utils package to communicate with other Linux servers to share folders using NFS. The local Linux server can mount folders from the remote Linux server as if they were local disks. Linux servers can also use the Samba package to share files on Windows local networks with Windows clients and servers as well as map folders located on Windows servers. |
| Which server packages are commonly used to support network features on a local network. | The DHCPd package provides DHCP server services to assign IP addresses to clients. The BIND package provides DNS server services to both clients and servers on a local network for hostname resolution. The net-snmp package allows you to implement remote device management using SNMP, and you can use the ntpd package to create an NTP time server for the local network. |
| How do you create a network directory server using Linux. | The OpenLDAP package allows you to create an LDAP directory of users and devices on the local network. Clients and other servers can use the LDAP directory to authenticate users and devices on the network. |
| How do you improve the performance of a network application | For network applications in a high-volume environment, you can improve performance by implementing either a cluster or load balancing environment. In a cluster, you can split application functions between multiple servers by using a cluster package such as Apache Hadoop. With load balancing, you can distribute client connections between multiple servers using packages such as HAProxy and Linux Virtual Server (LVS). |
| Docker | Docker is a set of platform as a service products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. The service has both free and premium tiers. The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine. |
| Kubernetes | Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Google originally designed Kubernetes, but the Cloud Native Computing Foundation now maintains the project. |
| Certificates | A certificate is an encrypted key that implements a two-factor authentication method. To log into a server, a user must have two things: ■ Something they possess, such as the certificate file ■ Something they know, such as a PIN |
| Tunneling | you can wrap any type of network transaction with an encryption layer, thus protecting any type of network application even if it’s not directly supported by the OpenSSH software. |
| Well-known ports | The IETF has defined a standard set of ports to common services used on the Internet. |
| Where are ports defined on a Linux server? | /etc/services |
| Port 20 and 21 | FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for sending files to and from a server. |
| Port 22 | SSH The Secure Shell (SSH) protocol is used for sending encrypted data to a server. Telnet Telnet is an unsecure protocol for providing an interactive interface to the server shell. |
| Port 23 | Telnet Telnet is an unsecure protocol for providing an interactive interface to the server shell. |
| Port 25 | SMTP The Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) is used for send- ing email between servers. |
| Port 53 | DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) provides a name service to match IP addresses to computer names on a network. |
| Port 67 | DHCP The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) enables client computers to obtain a valid IP address on a network automatically. |
| Port 80 | HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) allows clients to request web pages from servers. |
| Port 109 and 110 | POP The Post Office Protocol (POP) allows clients to communicate with a mail server to read messages in their mailbox. |
| Port 137 - 139 | SMB Microsoft servers use the Server Message Block (SMB) pro- tocol for file and print sharing with clients. |
| Port 143, 220 | IMAP The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides advanced mailbox services for clients. |
| Port 389 | LDAP The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) provides access to directory services for authenticating users, worksta- tions, and other network devices. |
| Port 443 | HTTPS The secure version of HTTP provides encrypted communica- tion with web servers. |
| Port 2049 | NFS The Network File System (NFS) provides file sharing between Unix and Linux systems. |
| NIS+ | protocol expands on NIS by adding security features. |
| nis-utils package | is an open source project for implementing an NIS or NIS+ directory in a Linux environment. It’s included in most Linux distribution repositories. |
| SMB | System Message Block the default file sharing method used in Windows is the System Message Block (SMB) protocol, created by Microsoft. Although Microsoft servers use proprietary software, Microsoft has released the SMB protocol as a network standard, so it’s possible to create open source software that can interact with Windows servers and clients using SMB. |
| DNS | Domain Name System (DNS). DNS maps IP addresses to a host naming scheme on networks. A DNS server acts as a directory lookup to find the names of servers on the local network. Linux servers use the BIND software package to provide DNS naming services |
Created by:
jacobth