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Review Sheet 11
Introduction to Psychology. (Prenatal, Piaget, Vygotsky, Parenting & Attachment)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two most frequently used methods for studying developmental changes? | Cross-sectional and longitudinal |
| Each sperm cell contains a(n) ________ chromosome, and each ovum contains ________ chromosome(s): | X or a Y; an X |
| A fertilized egg cell is called a(n): | zygote |
| Developmental psychologists describe prenatal development as occurring in: | three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. |
| The protective environment inside the mother’s uterus is called the ______, and nutrients and waste materials are exchanged between the mother and embryo via the ______. | amniotic sac; placenta |
| The fetal stage of prenatal development lasts from: | week nine through delivery. |
| An image of the fetus and amniotic sac is provided by which prenatal technique? | Ultrasound |
| An unlearned response to a particular stimulus is a(n): | reflex |
| When two-week-old Carson’s father strokes the baby’s left cheek, Carson turns his head to the left. Carson’s response is called the _______ reflex. | rooting |
| When the sole of her foot is stroked, three-week-old Pam curls and fans her toes. Pam is demonstrating which reflex? | Babinski |
| Which reflex protected infants from bright lights and small flying objects? | The eyeblink reflex |
| The formation of a strong bond of a newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth is called: | Imprinting |
| Regarding parenting styles, rigid is to __________ as lax is to __________ | authoritarian; permissive |
| Research on parenting styles suggests that the most effective parenting style is: | authoritative |
| Andrew took the family car without permission. He seriously damaged it while joyriding. Afterwards, his parents bought him a car of his own. This is an example of which parenting style? | Permissive |
| Which theorist identified stages of psychosocial development? | Erik Erikson |
| What is the correct sequence of psychosocial stages in child development? | Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry |
| Pierre’s second-grade teacher is very critical of all his work. She rarely praises him and frequently ridicules even his best efforts. As a result, Pierre is reluctant to attempt new tasks. Erikson’s theory predicts that Pierre is likely to end up with: | Inferiority |
| __________ was the most influential theorist on cognitive development and may be considered the most important developmental theorist of all time | Jean Piaget |
| According to Piaget, a(n) __________ is an organized system of mental representations used to understand the world | schema |
| What general term does Piaget use for the process of changing to function more effectively in responding to environmental challenges? | Adaptation |
| In Piaget’s terminology, changing existing schemas to incorporate new information is called: | Accommodation |
| What is the correct sequencing of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development? | Formal operational |
| In Piaget’s theory, the tendency to view the world only from one’s own perspective, characteristic of the pre-operational stage, is: | egocentrism |
| Nine-year-old Dakoda realizes that the quantity of water in a glass remains the same, even when the water is poured into a different shaped glass and appears to look like more or less. In Piaget’s terms, Dakoda has developed: | conservation |
| Melissa demonstrated animistic thinking when she said: | "My teddy bear fell and got a boo boo. It really hurts him." |
| The concept of the zone of proximal development is best described: | as the range between children’s present level of skills and knowledge and their potential level with appropriate guidance |
| According to Vygotsky, the optimal relationship between adult and child is: | tutor and student |
| Who studied the process of imprinting in geese and other species? | Konrad Lorenz |
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