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Stack #3711475
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | people's typical ways of thinking, feelings, and behaving |
| Nomothetic approach | general personality law for groups of people, quantitative, flaw: does not account for individual differences |
| Idiographic approach | understanding individual personality differences, qualitative, flaw: anecdotal evidence |
| Molecular genetic studies | studies to figure what genes are associated with personality traits by looking at gene coding and functions of neurotransmitters influence on personality traits |
| psychic determinism | the assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. |
| superego | part of the personality that acts as a moral center |
| defense mechanism | the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| reality principle | tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
| repression | keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
| denial | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. |
| regression | A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. |
| reaction formation | Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate. |
| projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
| sublimation | turning the negative to a positive |
| oral stage | 0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing |
| anal stage | 18-36 months pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control |
| phallic stage | Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals. |
| oedipus complex | a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| latency stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious |
| genital stage | Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence). |
| neo-Freudian theories | place less evidence on sexuality as the primary motivating force in personality and are more optimistic concerning the prospects for personality growth and change in personality in adults |
| Karen Horney | neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety", feminist stance |
| Alfred Adler | Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order |
| Style of life | according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority |
| inferioriy complex | feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
| collective unconsciousness | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
| archetypes | emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
| rationalization | Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. |
| intellectualization | An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis |
| core assumption psychoanalytical theory | psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation |
| key criticism of the psychoanalytic theory | lack of evidence, unfalsifiability, failed predictions |
| After a very stressful day at work, Sarina arrives home and immediately begins yelling at her two children for not cleaning their rooms. | Projection |
| Sixteen-year-old Theodore had started using drugs, and the changes in his behavior made it pretty obvious, but his parents didn't believe the school principal when she called to talk with them about the problem. | Denial |
| Frank feels that his younger son, Ralph, is unattractive and not very smart. Frank accuses his wife of picking on Ralph and favoring their other son. | Projection |
| A smoker concludes that the evidence linking cigarette use to health problems is scientifically worthless | Denial |
| After parental scolding, a young girl takes her anger out on her little brother. | Displacement |
| An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn't get his way | Regression |
| George's new supervisor is very difficult to work for. Recently George has begun stopping off at the gym after work. | Sublimation |
| Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might. | Displacement |
| A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that "additional study wouldn't do any good anyway." | Rationalization |
| Norm behaves like a stereotypical "he man," but he's actually anxious/insecure about his gender identity. | Reaction formation |
| Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith's glass. What is this an example of? | Ego |
| Mary really wanted to borrow her mom's necklace, but knew her mom would be angry if she took it without asking, so she asked her mom if she could wear it. | Ego |
| In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of croutons in her mouth as she waited for the line to move. This is an example of what? | Id |
| Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught. | Superego |
| Even though Michael needed money, he decided not to steal the money from the cash register because he didn't want to get in trouble. What is this an example of? | Ego |
| Social learning theorist | believes personality derives from observational learning and modeling |
| Reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
| internal locus of control | the perception that we control our own fate |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate |
| criticism of the behavior and social learning theories | excludes human experiences, thoughts and feelings, and social learning, with observational learning not being the same between adults to kids |
| self-actualization | the process by which people achieve their full potential |
| conditions of worth | the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others |
| incongruence | The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. |
| peak experiences | times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved |
| criticism of the humanistic approach | naïve about human nature, hard to falsify |
| An artist who has never made a profit on his art, but he still paints because it is fulfilling and makes him happy. | Self-actualization |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. |
| big five | five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
| lexical approach | approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language |
| extraversion | A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive |
| neuroticism | tense and moody |
| agreeableness | The tendency to get along well with other people. |
| conscientiousness | how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is |
| openness to experience | how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is |
| criticism of the trait approach | cross-cultural universal, consistency of traits predicting short-term behavior, does not explain causes of personality |
| structured personality test | paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
| MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) | widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders |
| empirical method of test construction | approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them |
| face validity | extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring |
| rational/theoretical method of test construction | approach to building tests that require test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization |
| projective test | a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| Rorschach inkblot test | a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots |
| projective hypothesis | The theory that when people are confronted with ambiguous stimuli (that is, stimuli that can be interpreted in more than one way), their responses will be influenced by their unconscious thoughts, needs, wishes, and impulses. |
| incremental validity | extent to which a test contributes information beyond other more easily collected measures |
| thematic apperception test (TAT) | projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
| graphology | the study of handwriting and how it relates to a person's character |
| P.T. Burnum Effect | believe the result to be true/valid because of how it relates or coincides with you or the situation, the effect that it can be applicable to anyone |
| projective test lack | reliability, validity, and incremental validity |
| pitfalls of trait theory | P.T. Burnum Effect and illusory correlation |
Created by:
Ceschley