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Semester 1 Final
Chemistry Unit 1-4 Final Review; NO UNIT 5
| Proton | positively charged atom |
| Atom | a small molecule or particle of a chemical element |
| Mass Number | the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
| Atomic Mass Units | a unit of mass used to measure atoms |
| Electron | negatively charged atom |
| Isotopes | two of the same atoms with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| Atomic Number | this is how the elements are numbered on the pt; it tells you how many protons an atom has |
| Atomic Mass | this is present of the pt; it tells you how much that element weighs; measured in amu |
| Nucleus | small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom |
| Neutron | neutral, no charge atoms; they "orbit" the nucleus in the electron cloud |
| Cation | a positively charged ion |
| Anion | a negatively charged ion |
| Transitional Metals | located in the center of the pt (section d) |
| Non-Metals | dull, brittle elements that are not good conductors of energy or heat |
| Inner Transitional Metals | the last two secluded rows of the pt (f section) |
| Group 1 | alkali metals |
| Group 2 | alkaline earth metals |
| Group 17 | halogens |
| Group 18 | noble gases |
| Valence Electrons | electrons in the outer-most shell that are available for bonding |
| Polar Covalent | a bond in which electrons are not shared evenly |
| Non-Polar Covalent | a bond in which electrons are shared evenly |
| Octet Rule | this states that atoms will give, take, or share electrons in order to get eight electrons in their outer shell |
| Scientific Method | 1. identify the problem 2. observe the problem 3. hypothesis 4. explore 5. conclusion |
| Atomic Radius | the distance from the nucleus to the outer-most electron; gets larger as you go up, gets smaller as you go left to right |
| Ionization Energy | the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from the atom; gets smaller as you go down, gets larger as you go left to right |
| Electron Affinity | this is an atom's "want" or "like" for electrons; gets smaller as you go down, gets larger as you go left to right |
| Electronegativity | an atom's ability to attract electrons, how sexy it is; gets smaller as you go down, gets larger as you go left to right |
| Ion | positively or negatively charged atoms in which electrons have been gained or lost, protons never change |
| Metallic Bond | bonds made between metals; there are always always free electrons floating around |
| Matter | anything that has mass and volume |
| Pure Substance | can not be physically broken down; definite composition |
| Mixture | can be physically broken down; no definite composition |
| Homogeneous | looks like one thing; ex. milk |
| Heterogeneous | looks like two things; ex. gravel |
| Compounds | two or more chemically bonded elements |
| Metalloids | have properties of both metals and non-metals; located on the stair-step |
| Metals | hard, dense elements with a high luster (shiny); they can be bent (malleable), pulled (ductile), and they are good conductors of electricity of heat |
| Polyatomic Ions | a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms that behave as a single unit |
| Chemical Formula | representation of compounds and/or elements in a reaction |
| Law of Definite Proportions | a given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by mass |
| Element | the purest form; cannot be broken down into something with properties |
| Solution | both substances are in one state of matter; uses distillation to separate |
| Colloid | when the substances are in two different states, but one is too small to see or is filtered well; ex. dust in air |
| Suspension | when the substances are in two different states of matter; will generally settle over time; ex. muddy water; use filtration to separate |
| Distillation | a physical process that uses a substances' boiling point to separate the mixture |
| Tyndall Effect | a strong light that shows the particles |
| Electrolysis | the use of electricity to break bonds |
| Super Saturated Solution | a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature |
| Representative Elements | elements that have a roman numeral followed by an A; all elements in the S & P sections |
| Quanta | an amount of energy needed to jump to the next orbit / energy level |
| Energy Levels | seven levels in which the electron orbits; lowest level called the ground state... - electrons must get excited to jump! |
| photons | light |
| periodic law | when the periodic table was organized by the increasing atomic number, periodic pattern appear |
| alloy | when two or more metals have bonded |
| hydrogen bonding | when hydrogen bonds to another non-metal that has a higher electronegativity; found in most living things |
| ionic bonding | when a cation and anion bond; when a metal bonds with a non-metal or polyatomic |
| covalent bonds | bonds made between non-metals; electrons are always shared so they are very strong |
| dipoles | when a small charge occurs from the uneven sharing of electrons |
| dipole moment | the area in which a small charge occurs from the uneven sharing of electrons |
| definite composition | the statement that in a pure compound the elements are always combined in fixed proportions by weight |
| filtration | the mechanical or physical process used for the separation of one substance from another |
| Democritus | - First to try and explain matter - the Greeks were the first to contemplate the atom |
| John Dalton | - First to try and describe the atom - Tiny marbles - Atoms indivisible (false) |
| JJ Thompson | - Second to purpose an atomic theory - tested the particles (atoms) found with magnets - plum pudding theory; + overall, - particles float around |
| Rutherford | - correctly explain the structure of the atom - gold foil experiment - small, dense, + center —> nucleus; atoms must be neutral |
| Bohr | - studied Rutherford’s atom - quanta/energy; and energy levels - atomic spectra: fingerprints of that element, light given off |
| Mendeleev | - first to create a PT - based on atomic masses - made predictions of future elements |
| Moseley | - created modern PT sorted by atomic number - periodic law - used X-rays to determine # of protons |
Created by:
584jth02
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