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Culture pt. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ideal culture | cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept |
| Real culture | actual behavior patterns of members of a group |
| Invention | creation of something new that alters the way of life |
| Discovery | finding something that already exists |
| Subculture | a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects |
| Counterculture | a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture |
| High culture | cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite and highest classes |
| Pop culture | the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society |
| Ethnocentrism | judging other in terms of one's own cultural standards |
| Cultural relativism | the practice of judging a culture by its own standards, understanding its values/norms/beliefs in terms of how they function in a particular culture |
| Cultural universals | universal traits in all cultures, that are expressed differently in each culture. |
| Culture | knowledge, values, customs and physical objects that are shared by members of society |
| Material culture | the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people |
| Nonmaterial culture | the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people |
| Symbols | something that represents something else |
| Phonemes | smallest unit of sound |
| Morpheme | smallest unit of meaning |
| Grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| Norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
| Folkways | norms that lack moral significance and guide day-to-day activities |
| Mores | norms that have moral dimensions and must be followed by members of a society |
| Taboo | a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment. the most serious form of a more |
| Law | a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials |
| Sanctions | rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms |
| Formal Sanction | sanctions imposed by persons given special authority |
| Informal Sanction | rewards or punishments that can be applied by most members of a group |
| Positive Sanction | a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
| Negative Sanction | a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity to a norm |
| Values | the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live |
| Diffusion | borrowing of cultural traits between societies |
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