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Forensics Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| analytical skills | the ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions |
| deductive reasoning | deriving a conclusion from the facts using a series of logical steps |
| eyewitness | a person who has seen someone or something related to a crime and can communicate his or her observations |
| fact | a statement or information that can be verifies |
| forensic | relating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions |
| logical | reasoned from facts |
| observations | what a person perceives using his or her senses |
| opinion | personal belied founded on judgement rather than on direct experience or knowledge |
| perception | information received from the senses |
| chain of custody | the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence |
| circumstantial evidence | (indirect evidence) evidence used to imply a fact but not support it directly |
| class evidence | material that connects and individual or thing to a certain group |
| crime-scene investigation | a multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime |
| crime-scene reconstruction | a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission |
| datum point | a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene |
| direct evidence | evidence that (if authentic) supports an alleged fact of a case |
| first responder | the first safety official to arrive at a crime scene |
| individual evidence | a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing |
| paper bindle | a folded paper used to hold trace evidence |
| primary crime scene | the location where the crime took place |
| secondary crime scene | the location other than the primary crime scene, but that is related to the crime; where evidence is found |
| trace evidence | small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene |
| triangulation | a mathematical method of estimating positions of objects at a location such as a crime scene, given locations of stationary objects |
| groove (of a tire) | a depression in the tread |
| latent impression | impression requiring special techniques to be visible to the unaided eye |
| patent impression | impression visible to the unaided eye |
| plastic impression | impression in soft materials such as soil, snow, or congealing blood |
| rib (of a tire) | an individual ridge of a tread running around the circumference |
| sole | the bottom of a piece of footwear |
| track width | the distance from the center of the tread of a left tire to the center of the tread of the corresponding right tire |
| tread | the part of a tire that meets the road; the pattern on the sole of footwear |
| turning diameter | the diameter of the smallest circle that can be driven by a vehicle |
| wheelbase | the distance from the center of the front wheel of a vehicle to the center of the rear wheel on the same side |
| arch | a fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern ordinates from one side of the print and continues to the other side |
| core | a center of a look |
| delta | a triangular ridge pattern |
| fingerprint | an impression left on any surface that consists of patterns made by the ridges on a finger |
| IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification) | FBI-developed national database of more that 76 million criminal fingerprints and criminal histories |
| latent fingerprint | a concealed fingerprint made visible through the use of powders or forensics techniques |
| loop | a fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern flows inward and returns in the direction of the origin |
| minutiae | the combination of details in the shapes and positions or ridges in fingerprints that makes each unique; also called ridge characteristics |
| patent fingerprint | a visible fingerprint produced when fingers coated with blood, ink, or some other substance touch a surface and transfer their print to that surface |
| plastic fingerprint | a three-dimensional fingerprint made in soft material such as clay, soap, or putty |
| ridge count | the number of ridges between the center of a delta and the core of a loop |
| ridge pattern | the recognizable pattern of the ridges found in the end pads of fingers that form lines on the surfaces of objects in a fingerprint. They fall into three categories: arches, loops, and whorls |
| ten card | a farm used to record and preserve a person's fingerprints |
| whorl | a fingerprint pattern that resembles a bull's-eye |
Created by:
gabicook