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Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the ____(1)____ and the ____(2)_____.
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Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
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BIO 202 Endocrine
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the ____(1)____ and the ____(2)_____. | amino acid and steroid |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements:found close to the kidney | adrenal gland |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: a mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine | pancreas |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: paired glands suspended in the scrotum | testes |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: ride “horseback” on the thyroid gland | parathyroid |
| Identify the endocrine organ described by the following statements: found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production | ovaries |
| found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth | thymus |
| found in the roof of the third ventricle | pineal body |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: programming of T lymphocytes | thymosin, thymus gland |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: regulate blood calcium levels | PTH, parathyroid glands; thyrocalcitonin/ calcitonin, thyroid gland |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: released in response to stressors | cortisone, adrenal cortex; epinephrine, adrenal medulla |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: drive development of secondary sexual characteristics | estrogens, ovaries; testosterone, testes |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: regulate the function of another endocrine gland | ACTH, anterior pituitary; FSH, anterior pituitary; LH, anterior pituitary; TSH, anterior pituitary |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: mimics the sympathetic nervous system | epinephrine, adrenal medulla |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production:regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland | glucagon, pancreas; insulin, pancreas |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: directly responsible for the menstrual cycle | estrogens, ovaries; progesterone, ovaries |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: regulate the ovarian cycle | FSH, anterior pituitary; LH, anterior pituitary |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF | ADH, hypothalamus; aldosterone, adrenal cortex |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: directly involved in milk production and ejection | oxytocin, hypothalamus; prolactin, anterior pituitary |
| Name the hormone(s) that produces the effect and the site of production: questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of the skin | MSH, anterior pituitary |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; TSH, FSH | Another hormone |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; testosterone | Another hormone |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; T4 / T3 | Another hormone |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; parathyroid hormone | humoral factors |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; norepinephrine | the nervous system |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; insulin | humoral factors |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; estrogens | another hormone |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; aldosterone | humoral factors |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; ADH | the nervous system |
| What is the release of this hormone stimulated by; ADH | the nervous system |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in sexual immaturity | estrogen, testosterone |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in tetany | PTH |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in excessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels | ADH |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in polyurea, polyphagia, and polydipsia | insulin |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in abnormally small stature, normal proportions | growth hormone GH |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in miscarriage | progesterone |
| Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts that directly result in lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity | T4/T3 |
| What hormone produced in excessive amounts that directly results in lantern jaw and large hands and feet in the adult | growth hormone (GH) |
| What hormone produced in excessive amounts that directly results in bulging eyeballs, nervousness, increased pulse rate | T4/T3 (thyroid hormone) |
| What hormone produced in excessive amounts that directly results in demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures | PTH |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid | calcitonin |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid | T4/T3 |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans | insulin |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) | glucagon |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the basophil cells of the anterior pituitary | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the zona fasciculata cells | glucocorticoids |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the zona glomerulosa cells | mineralocorticoids |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the chief cells | PTH |
| name the hormone(s) produced by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary | calcitonin |
| Both the endocrine and the nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body; however, the nervous system has been compared to an airmail delivery system and the endocrine system to the pony express. Briefly explain this comparison. | The nervous system uses rapidly propagated electrical "messages," whereas endocrine system "messages" (hormones) are liberated into the blood to travel much more slowly to the target organs. |
| Define hormone | A chemical substance liberated into the blood, which alters "target cell" metabolism in a specific manner. |
| What do all hormones have in common? | They are all chemical molecules that have specific target organs, which they reach via the blood. Like enzymes, they are effective in minute quantities. |
| Define: Target Organ | Organ responding to a particular hormone in a specific way. |
| If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don’t all tissues respond to all hormones? | The proper "hormone" receptors must be present on the plasma membrane or within the cells for the tissue cells to respond. |
| Although the pituitary gland is often referred to as the master gland of the body, the hypothalamus exerts some control over the pituitary gland. How does the hypothalamus control both anterior and posterior pituitary functioning? | Produces "releasing and inhibiting hormones," which control the production and release of anterior pituitart hormones forms ADH and oxytocin, which are transported to the posterior pituitary and later released on nervous stimulation from the hypothalamus |
| A hormone that regulates gamete production. | FSH |
| Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood,which arouse tissues. | Hormones |
| These produce testosterone. | Testes |
| Its primary function is to control the rate of body meta- bolism and cellular oxidation. | TH |
| Synthesize insulin. | Beta Cells |
| Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis and theneurohypophysis. | Pituitary Gland |
| Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and releaseepinephrine and norepinephrine. | Adrenal Medulla |
| Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. | ACTH |
| One of the hormones that stimulates breast develop- ment andpromotes and maintains lactation after child- birth. | Prolactin |
| A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that enables the body toresist long term stress. | Glucocorticoid |
| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of: | Cortisol |
| Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular: | Second messengers |
| Oxytocin | Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
| Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrationscauses a phenomenon known as: | Down-regulation |
| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because: | It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from thehypothalamus for release |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by: | Increasing blood pressure |
| The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by: | Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of Gproteins and cAMP |
| Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to: | Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells |
| The major targets of growth hormone are: | Bones and skeletal muscles |
| Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | The heart |
| Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to: | Cortisol |
| The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is: | Aldosterone |
| Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action? | Calmodulin |
| An amino acid derivative can be a | hormone |
| In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levelsof a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as: | Up-regulation |
| Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone? | Liver |
| Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different fromother peptide hormones. How? | It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. |
| Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on thesurface of cells that comprise target organs. This binding causes: | Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP. |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress.They accomplish this by: | Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
| What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones? | Calcium |
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