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Ap Bio Final 1
Ap Biology Final Exam Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | Explanation to questions, tested by experiment or continued observation, can be disprove but can be proven true |
| Theory | Summary of Hypothesis |
| Scientific Law | Statement of facts usually as a mathematical formula. |
| Variables | Change |
| Constant | No change |
| Dependent Variables | A variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. |
| Independent Variables | One factor you are changing |
| Variability | How far data set diverges from the central tendency( spread out, measured by range and standard deviation) |
| Low Standard deviation | Highest peak, independent variable is likely to cause change |
| High Standard deviation | spread out, other factors than independent variables are likely to cause change |
| Standard error of the mean | indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from a sample mean |
| Low standard error | More error |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into other substance by chemical reaction |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combines in a fixed ratio |
| Bohr model | shows electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom 1=2e- 2=8e- 3=8e- or 18e- |
| Lewis Dot Model | Simplified Bohr diagrams. Each dot represent the groups the elements are in |
| Octet rule | Elements will gain, or share electrons to complete their valance shell and become stable |
| Chemical bonds | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valance electrons |
| Electronegativity | The measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons to it's self. The smaller the group the less it will be. |
| Covalent Bonds | Two or more atoms share electrons |
| Ionic Bonds | Attraction between opposite charged atoms(ions) |
| Hydrogen bonds | partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent bond |
| Intermolecular Bond | bond that forms between molecules |
| Polarity | unequal sharing electrons making water polar molecules |
| Cohesion | attraction of molecules for the molecules of the same kind |
| Adhesion | the clinging of one molecules to a different molecules |
| Capillary action | the upward movement of water due to the force of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension |
| Density(Floating ice) | as water turns to ice it expanse and become less dense |
| Solvent | dissolving agent in a solution |
| Solution | homogenous mix of 2+ substance |
| Solute | Substance that is dissolved |
| Polymers | Chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalent bonded together |
| Monomers | The repeating units that make up polymers |
| Dehydration reaction | Two monomers bond losing water |
| Hydrolysis | break the bond in a polymer by adding water |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugar |
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bond |
| Polysaccharides | polymer with many sugar joined via dehydration reactions |
| Protein | molecules consisting of polypeptide(polymers of amino acids) folded into a 3D shape |
| Amino Acid | molecules that have an amino group(N2H) and a carboxyl group(COOH) |
| Polypeptides | Many AA(Amino acid) linked by peptide bonds |
| Primary (Protein Structure) | Linear chain of AA (Longer) |
| Secondary (Protein Structure) | Coils and folding due to hydrogen bonding with polypeptide backbone (Shorter) |
| Tertiary (Protein Structure) | 3D folding due to interaction between the side chain of the AA. Reinforced by hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bridges of the side chain |
| Quaternary (Protein Structure) | Association of two or more polypeptides |
| Pyrimidine | One ring with 6 atoms |
| Purines | Two carbon rings- one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms |
| Phosphate group | A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms |
| Polynucleotides | phosphate groups link adjacent nucleoside (portion without phosphate group) |
| DNA | Two polynucleotides, held together by hydrogen bonds c=g a=t |
| RNA | One polynucleotides c=g u=a |
| Lipids | Class of molecules that do not include true polymers(nonpolar/hydrophobic) |
| Fatty Acids | Long carbon chain |
| Glycerol | classified as alcohol(hydroxyl group) |
| Saturated fatty acid | no double bonds between carbons in the carbon chain = more hydrogen |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Contains one or more double bonds |
| steroids | lipids that have four fused rings |
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