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Psych Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Children from economically advantaged homes are healthiest in | middle childhood |
| to test for _________ Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest | seriation |
| A concrete operation child can only seriate with physical objects but cannot yet do so mentally | False (they can seriate mentally) |
| In Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence, intelligent behavior involves balancing what three forms of intelligence? | Analytical, creative and practical |
| The flynn effect is dependent on | the extent of societal modernization |
| According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well. | Inferiority |
| School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves. | Authoritative |
| Children who develop __________ believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard. | learned helplessness |
| When classmates are asked to rate each other’s likability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. | popular; neglected |
| Research on peer victimization shows that __________. | Aggression and victimization are not polar opposites |
| Authoritarian Parenting | High control, low warmth demand respect and obedience while giving little agency to their children. "Because I said so..." -kids have low self-esteem and poor social skills |
| Authoritative Parenting | High control, High love combines control with warmth and responsiveness. Explain and enforce rules while encouraging decision making. -kids are more responsible, self-reliant and friendly |
| Permissive Parenting | Low control, High warmth, Use little punishment or rules, accept their child's behavior -kids are impulsive and easily frustrated |
| Uninvolved Parenting | Low control, Low warmth parents are not involved, don't provide, minimal time spent with children. -kids are low in self-esteem, aggressive, impulsive and moody. |
| What is Erik Erikson's stage of conflict for the school years? | Industry v. Inferiority They gain a sense of accomplishment and competence when developing skills. |
| What are characteristics of body growth in middle childhood? | slow regular growth, caudalocephal (lower body grows fastest), bones lengthen and broaden, muscles are flexible, grow in permanent teeth. |
| T/F children face higher rates of illness in the first two years of school? | T (exposure to sickness and immune system development) |
| What are some attainments of Piaget's concrete operational stage? | Decentration, reversibility, classification, seriation, spatial reasoning |
| Seriation | Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension (proficient around 6-7) They can seriate mentally, they can integrate 3 relations at once |
| Who is the patient in hospice? | The patient and their family. |
| What is the focus of palliative care? | to reduce pain and provide comfort |
| Hospice approach | a home-like care center. All encompassing needs of physical, emotional, social and spiritual. |
| What are normal coping strategies of death according to Kubler Ross? | Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |
| What is the correct sequence of the stages of grief? | It's not a fixed sequence, rather coping strategies |
| What are some end of life medical practices? | 1. withhold/withdrawal from treatment (die naturally) 2. Medical aid-in-dying (prescribed lethal dose of medication that is pt. administered) 3. Voluntary euthanasia (at suffering pt. request) 4. Involuntary euthanasia (without pt. consent) |
| What is a child's understanding of death based on? | basic notions of Biology |
| When does a child attain adult like understanding of death? What factors influence understanding? | Age 6; experience, culture, death-avoidant culture |
| What is an adolescence understanding of death? | Have a difficult time integrating logic with reality: Illusion of invincibility. Reality of fatality is hard to comprehend. |
| T/F America has a strong death-avoidant culture | T |
| How do adults understanding of death change with age? | (early) avoident, high death anxiety, less exposure, distant (middle) concrete and personal, focus on tasks, aware of limited time (late) talk more about death, very relevant, practical concern with death. less anxiety |
| Which stage of life has the most death anxiety? | middle aged adults show the greatest fear of death, older adults show the least, young adults fall in-between |
| Physical features visible on the outside of the body that serve as signs of sexual maturity but do not involve the reproductive organs: | Secondary sexual characteristics |
| Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a _________ | less positive body image than their on-time agemates |
| Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence __________. | is exaggerated |
| Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true? | a. Girls experience early menarche b. Last 50y cases have increased sharply fueled by culture thinness standards* c. African american girls are at greater risk b. boys account for almost half of all cases |
| Which parent–child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers? | overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the formal operational stage of cognitive development? | Inability to come up with general logical rules through internal reflection |
| Research suggests that __________ cause(s) girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems. | stereotype threat |
| Sex differences in spatial abilities ___________. | helps explain why males do better on spatial perception tasks |
| __________ parenting is linked to higher grades in school among adolescents varying widely in SES. | Authoritative |
| What factors do NOT increase the risk of high school dropout? | a. lack of parental support b. history of poor school performance c. familial inclusion* d. class of unsupportive teachers |
| What stage of conflict are adolescence in ? | Identity v. Role Confusion (discovering values and gaining self-confidence) |
| What are some aspects of adolescent thought? | Imaginary audience Personal Fable |
| What stage of Piaget's cognitive theory are adolescence in? | Formal operational They begin hypothesis testing, and thinking abstractly with analogies. |
| Describe the adolescent thought of Imaginary audience | believing that you are surrounded by an audience of critics and admirers |
| A teenager might say "You don't understand what I'm going through" to their parents. This is an example of which aspect of adolescent thought? | Personal fable: exaggerating ones uniqueness and indestructibility |
| What factors determine the onset of puberty? | Genetics (heredity), Nutrition, Health, body mass |
| What are possible causes of early onset of puberty? | obesity, animal protein, exposure to hormone disrupting chemicals. |
| Historically is the average age of puberty increasing or decreasing? | decreasing; children are starting puberty at earlier ages |
| The onset of puberty is characterized by what physical changes? | development of secondary sexual characteristics, gain weight, voice changes, height, growth in trunk or shoulders |
| How do early maturing boys perceive themselves? How do early maturing girls perceive themselves? | boys are positive, have more success, more pleased girls are dissatisfied, develop depression, eating disorders and overall do poorly |
| Which is better being early maturing or late? | early for boys, late for girls |
| How does religion affect the grieving process? | Religious participants display higher levels of death acceptance, less grief and greater growth in response to loss. |
| How does belief in the afterlife effect the grieving process? | Greater afterlife belief was not associated with less grief; however, it was associated with both greater grief-related growth and lower death anxiety |
| T/F those who no spiritual beliefs resolve grief in less than 14 months | F more that 14 months. |
| Telomeres _______________. | protect the ends of chromosomes from destruction |
| Mounting evidence indicates that free radicals are NOT a major contributor to: | DNA mutations, cell damage and reduced longevity. |
| According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to __________. | loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true about most rapes? | a. Most rapes occur to victims under age 25 b. Most rape victims are women. c. Most rapes are by perpetrators that the victims know well. d. Perpetrators are most commonly ethnic minorities. ** |
| Without intimacy, young adults face the negative outcome of Erikson's early adulthood stage: | loneliness and self-absorption |
| Age-graded expectations for major life events refer to: | Social clock |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of Sternberg's triangular theory of love? | (intimacy, passion and commitment) not Companionship |
| Which of the following is TRUE about men's friendships? | Men confide especially easily in other-sex friends. |
| Couples who cohabitate before marriage are less likely to get divorced. | false, they are twice as likely |
| Remarriages are especially susceptible to divorce for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: | differ in age, education level, ethnicity, and religion. negative patterns of interaction learned in their first marriage. view divorce as an acceptable solution older age is associated with divorce. ** |
| What are the warning signs of suicide? | •Verbal cues •apathy, sadness •fatigue •withdrawal •frustration •mood swings •can't concentrate •poor school performance •Neglect of personal appearance •Sleep change •Obtaining a weapon or other means of self-harm |
| What are components of the sad scale? | S – Sex: 1 male A – Age: 1 if < 20 or > 44 D – Depression: 1 P – Previous attempt: 1 E –Ethanol abuse: 1 R – Rational thinking loss: 1 S – Social Supports Lacking: 1 O – Organized Plan: 1 N – No Spouse: 1 S – Sickness: 1 |
| When does the sad person's scale indicate a problem? | Proposed clinical action 0 to 2 Send home with follow-up 3 to 4 Close follow-up; consider hospitalization 5 to 6 Strongly consider hospitalization, depending on confidence in the follow-up arrangement 7 to 10 Hospitalize or commit |
| What is the gender schema theory? | Children learn about male and female roles from the culture in which they live. Children adjust their behavior to align with the gender norms of their culture from the earliest stages of social development. |
| What is your biological sex? | sex is determined by chromosomal genetic material. (XX or Xy) |
| What are some nurture differences between the males and females? | Dress, toys, interaction •(dad w/boys; mom w/ girls •Parents use twice as many diminutives with girls •Behavior interpreted differently - (boy - “adventurous”, girl - “anxious”) |
| How is nature different between sexes? | •Male - fussier and more active than females. •Female - less disturbed sleep than males. •Boys prefer to view mechanical motion (a mobile) •Girls prefer to view biological motion (a face) |
| When is the peak of gender rigidity? | The peak is age 5-6 followed by greater flexibility. |
| How do Infants understand gender? | understanding comes from observation of gender roles in the home (mom and dad). |
| How do toddlers understand gender? | children use such words as boy, girl, lady, and man appropriately Preschoolers associate toys, clothing, tools, household items, games, occupations, colors, and behaviors with one sex or the other. (gender stereotypes rigid). |
| T/F Research has shown that when girls and boys act assertively, girls tend to be criticized as “bossy,” while boys are more likely to be praised for being leaders | T |
| T/F a child's gender preferences can predict their gender identity and sexual orientation as an adult. | F preferences of toys, clothes, friends etc. doesn't predict future preferences. |
| T/F Gender identity may be fluid until adolescence and later. | T Can't predict future gender |
| What are differences in conversation between men and women? | Women seek for connection and private communication. Men like use competitive words and speak out in public more. Women say I'm sorry. Women just want someone to listen. Men want to fix the problem. |
| What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's moral development theory? | • Preconventional - Consequences determine morality – reward – punishment • Conventional - Conforming to society’s norms – rules/laws • Postconventional - Morality decided upon by individual – may conflict with rules and/or accepted norms |
| What factors influence Moral development? | parenting, peers, schooling, religion and culture. |
| What are some differences in moral reasoning between genders? | Women tend to emphasize care and empathy while men enforce justice and fairness. |
| How does morality progress? | It's slow and gradual. progress through 4 stages in order. reaching conventional morality is moral maturity. Few reach post-conventional. |
| Religious involvement influences what aspects of morality? | – More community service – Responsible academic and social behavior – More trusting relationships with family and friends – Greater empathy and prosocial behavior – Less delinquency, drug and alcohol use – Delayed sexual activity |
| 50% of young adults leave home for college but return briefly in between semesters. This is an example of... | the boomerang effect |
| The holland test can predict greater job satisfaction by measuring what 6 factors? | realistic, conventional, investigative, enterprising, social, artistic I'm SIC |
| what factors influence work and why? | - education and career: middle class families provide aid - Children with married parents receive more financial and emotional support. - Working mothers promote higher self-esteem and educational goals in girls |
| Work research suggests what about gender differences in work? | ▪More men work full-time 70% of men; 57% of women ▪Men stay in full-time jobs longer ▪Women work more part-time jobs 26% women; 13% men |
| T/F Women are more apt. to leave their job to follow a spouse to another location leading to a period of unemployment | T |
| What does the term "Pink collar" job mean? | Women tend to be in “pink collar jobs” ▪Lower salaries ▪Less chance for advancem ent ▪Fewer benefits ex: primary teacher |
| T/F Twice as many men work in mathematics and physical sciences (STEM) than women, four times as many men work in computer sciences than women, and five times as many men work in engineering. | T (may be due to preference towards mechanical motion) |
| What might account for these differences in gender and work? | women like working with people, and men like working with things. Men steadily until retirement, and women plan to move around as they have children. Women also choose jobs with regular hours and fewer demands that would interfere with family life. |
| How does aging affect job performance? | Ability/expertise trade-off - General ability decline with age, but job expertise increases, perhaps enough to compensate for the decline |
| T/F Older workers in jobs that involve knowledge-based, crystallized abilities and highly-practiced abilities have greater job-related decline | F they have less job decline because their expertise and crystallized abilities are hard to replace. |
| Which of the following is not true | Age is not related to core task performance and on-the-job creativity. Older workers demonstrate more citizenship behaviors and safety behaviors. Older workers engage in fewer counterproductive behaviors Older workers are less satisfied w/ work** |
| How does genetics influence work? | ▪ For the males, the monozygotic twins’ occupational status scores correlated significantly higher than the scores for the dizygotic twins. ▪ Women showed a stronger environmental effect |
| What does Erik Erikson predict will happen to someone if they never form intimate relationships in early adulthood? | They will become lonely and despair. Isolation. |
| What is the primary task in early adulthood according to erik Erikson? | forming a committed relationship with someone. |
| In sternberg's triarchic theory of love what does consummate love represent? | The perfect combination of passion, intimacy and companionship. |
| What are the 4 most important qualities in finding a mate? | mutual attraction, dependable character, emotional stability, 1. 1, 1, mutual attraction, 2. dependable character, 3. emotional stability, and 4. a pleasing disposition |
| Which of the following is not a rule of attraction? | a, proximity, b. opposites attract (no, similarity) c. Reciprocity d. Physical attractiveness |
| The matching hypothesis suggests we marry someone __________ to our physical attractiveness. | equal to (similar to) |
| Women are more attractive when ovulating T/F | T the smell is more attractive to men |
| T/F 90% of people in the world will marry. | T |
| What is cohabitation? How is it different from marriage? | They just live together there is no official documentation to their relationship. Less commitment. Greater rates of unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and dysfunctional relationship behavior (domestic abuse, unfaithfulness, high amounts of conflict) exist |
| What are some benefits of marriage? | greater financial, physical, and mental health. less substance and physical abuse. |
| What is the 5 to 1 ratio? | to 1 This means that for every negative interaction during conflict, a stable and happy marriage has five (or more) positive interactions. |
| Research on attraction suggest what qualities influence it? | Symmetry Hips Face structure Smell |
| What hip size or ratio is attractive to men? | a waist to hip ratio of 0.7* to 1.1 |
| Does face structure differ in men and women? | yes! estrogen makes women's jaw less prominent while testosterone does the opposite. |
| T/F You'll be more altruistic and willing to sacrifice more for someone who is more genetically like you | T |
| Which of the following is not a part of Master and Johnson's sexual response cycle? | a. Excitement/ Arousal b. building** c. Plateau d. Orgasm e. Resolution |
| Cloudy areas in the lens of the eye that increase from middle to late adulthood, resulting in foggy vision and eventual blindness is called: | cataracts |
| Age-related declines due to hereditary defects and environmental influences, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, disease, substance abuse, environmental pollution, and psychological stress is called: | Secondary Aging |
| The most common form of dementia - a gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior, is associated with structural and chemical brain deterioration. | Alzheimer's Disease |
| Very long-term episodic memory is called: | remote memory |
| Older adults heightened autobiographical memory for events that occurred between ages 10 and 30 is called: | reminiscence bump |
| According to Erikson, the final psychological conflict, __________, involves coming to terms with one’s life. | ego integrity versus despair |
| Erikson’s widow, Joan Erikson, suggested an additional stage of psychosocial development called __________. | Gerotranscendence |
| An emotional strength of older adults who, compared with younger adults, selectively attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative information: | Positivity effect |
| A predictable pattern of interaction in which older adults' independent behaviors are mostly ignored, and as a result, occur less often is called: | independence-ignore script |
| T/F Friendships help protect older adults from the psychological consequences of loss. | T |
| A disease in which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure within the eye, damaging the optic nerve is called: | glaucoma |
| Hormone therapy is effective in reducing the physical discomforts of menopause and has no negative side effects. | F It has many side effects including cancer |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the three personal qualities of hardiness? | control, commitment, character**, challenge |
| Crystallized intelligence depends on __________. | accumulated knowledge and experience |
| The negative outcome of Erikson’s midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________. | self-indulgence |
| Which of the following is NOT one of Levinson's seasons of life? | Acceptance- denial** Destruction-creation, Masculinity-femininity, Engagement-separateness |
| Which statement is true about research regarding the midlife crisis? | see examples of a slow and steady change, rather than a crisis. |
| Neuroticism __________ from adolescence through middle age. | declines |
| Happiness with one’s __________ is more strongly associated with life satisfaction than happiness in other domains. | marriage |
| The term sandwich generation is widely used to refer to the idea that middle-aged adults | care for multiple generations above and below them |
| Which stage of erik Erikson's conflicts is active in adulthood and which is more reflective? | The middle adulthood stage or generativity v. stagnation is the active stage and integrity v. despair is more reflective |
| How do the five senses change overtime? | Vision: night blindness, presbyopia, dry eye. pupil size decreases, cornea less sensitive, floaters, sunk in hearing: hearing loss, tinnitus, presbycusis Taste/Smell: rapidly declines, salivate less Touch: sensations reduced but skin is thinner. |
| What is the life expectancy? | females = 80 males = 74 |
| What is crystal intelligence? | Skills and knowledge based on education and experience Verbal skills. Remain stable well into the 70s or 80s |
| What is fluid intelligence? | Influenced biologically Memory tests Examples: Problem-solving skills Decline starting in the 60s |
| What are the effects of religiousity? | Religious involvement associated with: Better physical and psychological well-being Closeness to family and friends Greater generativity |
| What are five functions of religion? | (1) purpose to life (2)Reinforces social unity & stability (3)Agent of social control - teaches people moral behavior and helps be good members of society (4)Greater psychological & physical well-being (5)Motivates positive social change |
| What is the difference between early onset and late onset deliquency? | early onset is due to genetic factors that predispose a child to delinquency like boys, ADHD; aggression displayed before puberty Post puberty aggression is the later |
| What is bereavement? | Bereavement is the experience of losing a loved one by death. |
| What are the phases of death? | 1. agonal phase 2. Clinical death (possible revival) 3. mortality |
| What is dualistic thinking? | dualistic thinking, dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they. Dualistic thinkers approach learning by accepting what they are given. |
| What is relativistic thinking? | Older students, in contrast, had moved toward relativistic thinking, viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths |
| Commitment to relativistic thinking | eventually, the most mature individuals progress to commitment within relativistic thinking. Instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. |
| What are common signs and causes of partner abuse? | cX: history, attention, control, anger, culture, health s/s: criticism, possessiveness, body language, stonewalling, silent, gaslighting |
| Levinson's theory of midlife development | ventually, the most mature individuals progress to commitment within relativistic thinking. Instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. |
| Elder abuse | rx: dependency, financially needy caregiver, mental health, family history, institutional conditions s/s withdrawal, cognitive impairment, premature death, neglect, physical emotional or sexual abuse. Financially taking advantage of them |
Created by:
laureledlauren