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HASS EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Miscarriage of Justice | When justice is undermined (treating others with fairness and respect). An example is when an innocent person is found guilty. Factors that undermine justice are coercion, corruption, court delays, false confessions and trial by media. |
| Preferential Voting | A voting system in which the candidate are numbered by the voters. If no candidate receives more than half of the first preference vote, the second preference of those who's first preference had the least amount of votes gets distributed. Repeats until. |
| Candidate | person standing for election. |
| Liberal Democracy | System of government that aims to protect the individual rights and freedoms and places limits on government control/interference. Some freedoms: election (candidate or vote), movement, right to fair trial, arbitrary arrest, speech, religion, assembly. |
| Representative Democracy | System of government in which people vote to elect the parliament/government that makes and implement laws. |
| Voting | need to be over 18 and vote for the person that reflects your views |
| Common Law | laws created by judges/courts. These laws set up a precedent. |
| Precedent | Legal principle that must be followed by magistrates/judges in lower courts, in same hierarchy, in cases where facts are similar. |
| Proportional Voting | Voting system where each candidate must achieve a quota. Determined by adding one (1) to total number of vacancies, dividing by total number of vote by vacancies and then adding one. |
| How long a electorate/seat is taken | HOR is 3 years Senate is 6 years, with election every 3 years |
| Quota | number of votes a candidate must receive before being elected |
| Interdependent | members that do not belong to a political party, and has separate views from than the main parties. Play and important role as the major parties rely on the if they don't have enough votes. |
| Andrew Wilkies | Interdependent. Wanted the removal of Poker machines. |
| Bicameral Parliament | A parliament made up of two houses. |
| Rule of Law | Laws apply to all equally throughout the nation and is upheld by all. And only those with legal authority can change them. |
| Legal principles of Rule of Law | Equality before the law, Checks/Balance on the Use of Power, Rights of the Accused and Victims, Presumption of Innocence, Independence of the Judiciary, Right to Assemble, Freedom of Speech, Access to Justice, Knowing the Law. |
| Why Rule of Law is important | Provides: Just outcomes, consistent/fair/impartial decisions about legal matters, protection of individual rights/freedoms, settle dispute between parties according to law and laws are knowable followable and fit for purpose. |
| Political Parties | A group of people who share similar ideas about their country/state should be run. The two major parties are Liberals and Labor (ALP). Wish to win election, put out candidate. |
| Liberal Party | Major Party. Believes in power of individual and business to make decisions and want less government control. |
| Labor | Major Party. Oldest party. Believes that the government should have strong national role. Fairer Australia for workers. Closing the gaps between the poor and wealthy. |
| Greens | Minor Party. Spend money in renewable energy and into the environment. |
| Nationals | Minor Party. A party for those who live outside the city. Believes in strong local communities. "Local Champion" |
| Hung parliament | Occurs when neither major party can get 76 seats (including coalitions) in HOR and need to negotiate with minor party's member or independents for support to form a minority government. |
| Majority in HOR | 76 out of 150 |
| How many seats does each State get in the Senate | 12 per state 2 per territory |
| Statue of Law | Legislations/Acts. Laws made by Parliament. |
| Direct Democracy | Citizens meet together to make laws for their society, each individual has a vote. Greece. |
| Factors that influence voter behaviour | Factors that influence who people decide to vote on. |
| Public Debate | A factor that influence voter behaviour; televised debates. Giver Major Parties a way to publicly argue their ways is better. |
| Media | A factor that influence voter behaviour; Online/Social/TV/Radio. How the Media portrays a party. Appealing or not fit. |
| Opinion Poll | A factor that influence voter behaviour; measurement of Pulic Opinion helps political parties know if they're doing well and can help unsure voters go to the strong/weak party. |
| Advertisement | A factor that influence voter behaviour; billboards/online/newspaper/radio. Represents Party. If bad advertisement, bad look. |
| Interest Groups | A factor that influence voter behaviour; campaign on the behalf of a certain issue, and follows the party that match their interests. |
| Important Issues | A factor that influence voter behaviour; short-term issues or personal issues of someone. Childcare. |
| Party Loyalty | A factor that influence voter behaviour; voters that stay loyal to a party no matter what. May influence neighbours. |
| Campaign Strategies | used to gain approval and get a party's message across. Some strategies are: |
| Technology | A campaign strategy; taking advantage of social media to communicate. Facebook, Instagram, etc. |
| Media | A campaign strategy; Newspapers, Evening News, interviews, etc, to communicate. |
| Face to face | A campaign strategy; talking face to face with voters, house to house. |
| Advertisement | A campaign strategy; Slogans, jingles, close up messages. Exposing opponents weakness. |
| Australia's Democratic Values | |
| Respect | An Australian democratic value; treating others with consideration and value their views, beliefs and rights. |
| Equality | An Australian democratic value; All citizens have the right to the same privileges, rights and opportunities regardless of gender, race, religion, age, sex or education. |
| Fairness | An Australian democratic value; all are treated fairly and are given equal opportunity without injustice. |
| Freedom | An Australian democratic value; all have rights, privileges and responsibilities with interference or control by government or another person. |
| Rights and Responsibilities | The freedom and fair treatment granted to us as citizens Our duties as citizens to contribute to society |
| Our rights | To vote To protection of property to trial by jury to freedom of religion to protection from discrimination |
| Our responsibilities | Voting in elections Paying taxes doing jury service obeying laws |
| How laws are made in Parliament | Through section 51 of the Australian Constitution, Parliament can vote on a bill (a proposal for new laws or change). The bill needs to be passed by the HOR, Senate and then signed by the Governor-General. |
| How laws are made in Court | These laws are common law that are created by the High and Supreme Courts on occasion. When resolving a dispute, it creates a principle (law), a precedent that all other courts/judges follow. |
| How Government is formed | Government is formed by the political party with the majority seats in the House of Representatives. |
| Difference between legal and non-legal rules | Type of rules, who it's imposed on, and penalty for breaking rules. |
| Legal rules | Regulate behaviour but are created by official law-making bodies such as Parliament/Local Councils/Courts and apply to all members of society to protect them. Breaking laws may result in fines or prison time |
| Non-legal rules | Regulate behaviour, imposed on members of a specific group to work together peacefully and safely. Suspension is example of penalty. |
| Role of Senate | upper house. House of review. Originally set up to protect interests of states. Checks what the government of the day is doing and makes sure they're accountable for actions. |
| Role of HOR | Lower house. Creates bills. Run country. Work on behalf of Australia. Has a mandate/permission to run a country. Opposition holds accountable. |
| Role of Governor General | Representative of Monarch. Appoints ambassadors, ministers, judges and also approves laws passed by both house of government. |
| Case of injustice | Rayney Case |
| Rayney Case | Equality before the law was undermined as they lose their presumption of innocence and was trialled by Media. Murder of Corryn Rayney 2007 August. 2012 Court Case. Oil trail planted. "Prime and only suspect" Senior State Prosecutor. D. Senior Sergeant. 2m |
| Civil Case | Two parties cannot come to an agreement, injury, contract, divorce, etc. Plaintiff starts case, defendant is opposition. Decision based on who's more probable/correct. |
| Criminal Case | Individual is accused for breaking the law. Robbery, murder, rape. Prosecution starts case. Accused is defendant. Decision base on beyond reasonable doubt. |
| Dononghue vs Steveson Rayney vs State of Australia | Plaintiff and Defendant Accused and prosecution |
| Court Hierarchy | Different levels of courts in order of power and importance. Created for efficiency, able to appeal, set precedents/consistency |
| Precedent goes | down the Court Hierarchy |
| Appeals goes | up the Court Hierarchy |
| High Court | Court cases dealing with Australian Constitution, disputes between states, suing commonwealth. E.g. disagreement of the powers of governor-general |
| Federal Court | Civil disputes of Commonwealth law e.g, Industrial relationships with workplace, Native claims to pland, immigration |
| Supreme Court | Serious crime, civil matters with above $750 00 Murder, defamation (Rebel Wilson vs New Iron) |
| District Court | Jury of 12. Prison sentences that are not for life, civil up to $750 000. Serious assault, negligence. |
| Magistrate Court | Charged with offense, civil up to $75 000, theft, traffic |
| Equality before the law | Legal principles of Australia's legal system; the law should apply to all people equally regardless of their status in society - regardless of wealth, age, race, culture, religion or any attribute. |
| Judiciary is Impartial | Legal principles of Australia's legal system; being impartial and independent means that courts are separate from the elected parliament and government. No influence from them. No one is above the law. |
| Right to a Fair Hearing | Legal principles of Australia's legal system; both parties have equal opportunity to present their case, must follow strict rules of evidence and procedure when presenting their case. Case open to all and generally open to public and media. |
| Right to Appeal | Legal principles of Australia's legal system; allows people who are dissatisfied with their outcome to have an appeal. Meaning their case is reviewed by a higher court. Reasonable grounds must exist for an appeal to take place. |
| Equality before the law | Legal principles of Rule of Law; the law should apply to all people equally regardless of their status in society - rich or poor, young or old, male or female, regardless of their race, culture, religion, or any other attribute. |
| Checks and Balance on the Use of Power | Legal principles of Rule of Law; checks and balances on the use of power to ensure that the government and individuals act according to the law. |
| Rights of the Accused and Victims | Legal principles of Rule of Law; the right to silence, the privilege against self-incrimination, the opportunity to see and question evidence that is brought against them, the opportunity to appeal a decision of a court under certain circumstances |
| Presumption of Innocence | Legal principles of Rule of Law; ensures individuals are punished only when found guilty by a court. |
| Independence of the Judiciary | Legal principles of Rule of Law; main independent check on the power of the parliament and the executive. Independent from parliament and executive. |
| Right to Assemble | Legal principles of Rule of Law; The right to gather publicly or privately, and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend common interests. |
| Freedom of Speech | Legal principles of Rule of Law; people can speak freely about problems with the law - individuals must be able to do this without fear or persecution. |
| Access to Justice | Legal principles of Rule of Law; having access to legal advice from a lawyer who can use their expertise to present a legal matter to the court in the best way possible. |
| Knowing the Law | Legal principles of Rule of Law; a person ought to be able to figure out what the law is, either on their own or with help from a lawyer. |
| Competitive Advantage | When a business is able to out perform a similar business in a market. This can be the result of factor like skilled personnel, the ability to reduce cost and improve quality. |
| Offering a better price | Entices people to buy products. Cost cuts, cheaper material, cheaper to produce larger volume for large business. Outsourcing. Self-check outs instead of cashiers. |
| Making consumers aware | Using blended marketing. Digital and traditional advertisement. Ads, billboards, social media, newspapers. |
| Better Perceived Quality | Willing to pay more if consumer thinks product is better. Performance (working), Features (additional), Reliability (no-fails), Conformance (expected), Durability (life), Serviceability (repair), Aesthetics (looks), Perceived (thoughts of consumer) |
| Corporate Social Responsibility CSR | Contribute positively to society. Improves reputation, feel-good, save money. The Body Shop, ThankYou |
| Responsive to Consumers needs | Being on time. Treating consumers well. Properly trained staff. Fast delivery. Ethical practices. |
| Factors of Production | The four categories resources are sorted into. |
| Land Resource | Natural resources: wood, food, materials, ores. |
| Labour Resource | Human recourses: workers, transporters. |
| Capital Resource | Manufactured resources: objects, furniture, tools. |
| Enterprise Resource | Management resources: CEO, Boss. |
| Outsourcing | Hiring workers from another company/country to preform goods and services for a company. used to cut costs. Australia Limited Wage: $17.70 Other Limited Wages: $1.68 to $3.98 |
| Innovation | A new idea/effective product or process that makes the Product better than before. Segmentation: common needs and characteristics Positioning: Distinct image, chocorn (choco popcorn) |
| Globalisation | Process involves all countries of the world being linked together, resulting the exchange of views, ideas, products and culture |
| Pros of Globalisation | Gives jobs, more consumption, standard of living rises, Government generates more revenue. |
| Cons of Globalisation | Environmental damages. More jobs, more trucks, more pollution. Exploitation in countries with poor protection laws. Bad wages, child labour. |
| Planned | Government /State decides what/how/whom |
| Market | Private individuals decides what/how/whom |
| Socailist | Government /State owns productive resources |
| Capitalist | Private individuals owns productive resources |
| Traditional System | Self-sufficient. Not about profit. Rural villages in Alaska. |
| Planned Capitalist | Private individuals owns productive resources but Government /State decides what/how/whom. Doesn't exist. |
| Market Capitalist | Exchange goods/services for profit. What consumers want. How is most effective. Whom will pay. Australia. |
| Planned Socialist | Takes place in Government long-term decisions. Government/States owns and decides everything. NK |
| Market Socialist | Productive resources owned by Government/States. Individuals decides. Former Yugoslavia. |
| Scams | A scheme that is deliberately dishonest in order to take advantage of someone, usually for their money. |
| PIN | Personal Identification Number. Owner of financial account. Allows you to withdraw and deposits money into your bank account. |
| FTA | Free Trade Agreement. Reduces Tariffs. |
| Warranty | Written guarantee to the purchase to repair/replace purchase if necessary within a specification |
| Warranties | |
| When a Warranty is warranted | Prevent purchase if known Substantially not fit Doesn't meet purpose Creates unsafe situation "No Refunds" Not needed in original package Can compalin. |
| Global Supply Chain | Supply chain id the many links or activities that are required to make a product or service from suppliers to consumers |
| Supply | Resources sourced. |
| Manufacturing | Resources turned into finalised formed. |
| Advertisment | Makes people aware of the product. |
| Distribution | Transported from factories to retailers. |
| Retail | Sold to consumers in markets. |
| Chocolate | Coco beans/sugar, turned into chocolate. Advertised chocolate. Transport chocolate. Sell Chocolate. |
| Transnational Corporations | They are companies that operate in more than one country. They can respond to consumer's needs more quickly. Provide employment. |
| Imports | Products/Services transported into country in exchange for money. |
| Exports | Products/Services transported out of country in exchange for money. |
| Australian Imports and from | Personal Travel Crude Petroleum China, USA |
| Australia Exports and to | Iron ore & concentrates Coal China, Japan |
| How not to get scammed | 5 Golden Rules Be Suspicious Be Cautious Be Patient Be Alert Be Wise |
| Be suspicious | Be wary of others, people may not be honest. |
| Be cautious | Don't give out money, credit card or bank details. keep credit/ATM cards safe. |
| Be patient | Don't be pressured into doing something quickly. Get second opinions. |
| Be alert | Check bank and credit cards statements for any unexplained transactions. |
| Be wise | Little chance of getting rich quick. |
| How to minimise financial risks (emails) | Avoid links, don't give details, check statements. |
| Hi Mum | Posing as one Mum on another device |
| Stay safe when shopping online | Use Paypal, or Credit Card. Check for additional costs. Trusted business. Use websites with https: or lock for security. Stay in Australia to be protected by Australian Laws. |
| How to keep banking details safe | Don't tell/write/record PIN. Log out. Cove keyboard. |
| Australian Consumer Laws. | Treated honestly/fairly. False misleading claims Receive quality good/services. Product is safe. Consumer is given accurate information. Price. |
| How FTA improve trading relationships | Reduce tariffs |
| Why International Trade is good | Links people and places around the world |
| Role of government in the economy | Maintain competition, redistributes income |
| Safe when banks | EFTPOS - charged using it ATM - have cash always, transaction Phone/internet - do more shopping not online Exception fees - insufficient funds |
Created by:
St4dent
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