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DRUGS AFFECTING GI S
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fluid stored in the gallbladder that contains cholesterol and bile salts; essential for the proper breakdown and absorption of fats. | bile |
| contents of the stomach containing ingested food and secreted enzymes, water, and mucus. | chyme |
| hard crystals formed in the gallbladder when the bile is concentrated. | gallstones |
| substance secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli; stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells and pepsin from the chief cells; causes histamine release at histamine-2 receptors to effect the release of acid | gastrin |
| sites near the parietal cells of the stomach that, when stimulated, cause the release of hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach; also found near cardiac cells | histamine-2 (H2) receptors |
| acid released by the parietal cells of the stomach in response to gastrin release or parasympathetic bstimulation; makes the stomach contents more acidic to aid digestion and breakdown of food products. | hydrochloric acid |
| reflex response to various stimuli that allows the GI tract local control of its secretions and movements based on the contents or activity of the whole | local gastrointestinal reflex |
| network of nerve fibers running through the wall of the GI tract that allows local reflexes and control | nerve plexus |
| digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas, including pancreatin and pancrelipase, which are needed for the proper digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates | pancreatic enzymes |
| type of GI movement that moves a food bolus forward; characterized by a progressive wave of muscle contraction | peristalsis: |
| fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth in response to tactile stimuli and cerebral stimulation; contains enzymes to begin digestion, as well as water and mucus to make the food bolus slippery and easier to swallow | saliva |
| complex reflex response to a bolus in the back of the throat; allows passage of the bolus into the esophagus and movement of ingested contents into the GI tract. | swallowing: |
| complex reflex mediated through the medulla after stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone; protective reflex to remove possibly toxic substances from the stomach. | vomiting |
| is responsible for mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into usable nutrients. | stomach |
| pancreas deposits digestive enzymes and ? into the beginning of the small intestine to neutralize the acid from the stomach and to further facilitate digestion. | sodium bicarbonate |
| bile, which is stored in the? | gallbladder |
| All of the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine pass into the ? which is responsible for processing, storing, or clearing them from the system. | liver |
| lines the abdominal wall and also the viscera, with a small “free space” between the two layers. It helps to keep the GI tract in place and prevents a buildup of friction with movement. friction with movement. | peritoneum |
| is stimulated during times of stress (“fight-or-flight” response) when digestion is not a priority. To slow the GI tract, the sympathetic system decreases muscle tone, secretions, and contractions and increases sphincter tone. | sympathetic system |
| (“rest-and-digest” response) stimulates the GI tract, increasing muscle tone, secretions, and contractions and decreasing sphincter tone, allowing easy movement. | parasympathetic system |
| The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract. It serves as a supportive layer and helps the tube maintain its shape and position | Adventitia Layer |
| The GI system has four major activities: | • Secretion of enzymes, acid, bicarbonate, and mucus • Absorption of water and almost all of the essential nutrients needed by the body •Digestion of food into usable and absorbable components • Motility (movement) of food and secretions through the |
| which contains water and digestive enzymes, is secreted from the salivary glands to begin the digestive process and to facilitate swallowing by making the bolus slippery. | Saliva |
| protect the stomach lining from the acid and the enzymes. | mucus |
| The sight, smell, or taste of food stimulates the stomach to begin secreting before any food reaches the stomach. | cephalic phase of digestion. |
| Stimulant of gastrin | bolus or food |
| Gastrin stimulates the stomach muscles to contract, the parietal cells to release ?, and the chief cells to release pepsin. | hydrochloric acid |
| Parasympathetic stimulation also leads to release of? | acid release |
| what stimulate histamine-2 receptors near the parietal cells, causing the cells to release hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach. | Gastrin and the parasympathetic system |
| What decreases the secretion of gastrin? | High levels of acid |
| pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins to smaller amino acids? | chymotrypsin and trypsin |
| Pancreatic enzymes that break down fat? | lipases |
| Pancreatic enzymes that break down sugars. | amylases |
| Cause of gallstones in the gallbladder | when the concentrated bile crystallizes. |
| a constant wave of contraction that moves from the top to the bottom of the esophagus. | peristalsis |
| a response to a food bolus in the back of the throat, stimulates the peristaltic movement that directs the food bolus into the stomach. | swallowing |
| The autonomic nervous system influences GI activity, with the sympathetic system -----and the parasympathetic system ---- activity. | slowing, increasing |
| control GI and maintaining electrical rhythm and responding to local stimuli (increasing or decreasing activity). | Nerve plexus |
| involve simulation of the nerves in the GI tract and cause movement and secretion. | Local reflexes |
| which include swallowing and vomiting, are controlled by the medulla. | Central reflexes |
| Loss of reflexes or stimulation can result in | constipation |
| the lack of movement of the bolus along the GI tract with increased motility and excretion. | diarrhea |
| The longer a fecal bolus remains in the large intestine, the more are----absorbed from it and the harder and less mobile it can become. | sodium and water |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -Stimulation of the stomach by stretching, the presence of food, or cephalic stimulation (the body’s response to smelling, seeing, tasting, or thinking about food) causes an increase in activity in the small | Gastroenteric reflex: |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -Stimulation of the stomach also causes increased activity in the colon, again preparing it to empty any contents to provide space for the new chyme. | Gastrocolic reflex |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -The presence of food or stretching in the duodenum stimulates colon activity and mass movement, again to empty the colon for the new chyme. | Duodenal–colic reflex |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -The introduction of chyme or stretch to the large intestine slows stomach activity. Why patients who are constipated often have no appetite: Because of the continued stretch on the ileum that comes with cons | Ileogastric reflex |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -Excessive irritation to one section of the small intestine causes cessation of activity to prevent further irritation, and an increase in activity below that section -leads to a flushing of the irritant -This | Intestinal–intestinal reflex |
| Different local gastrointestinal reflexes: -Irritation of the peritoneum as a result of inflammation or injury | Peritoneointestinal reflex: |
| Irritation or swelling of the renal capsule causes a cessation of movement in the GI tract, again to prevent further irritation to the capsule | Renointestinal reflex: |
| Irritation or overstretching of the bladder can cause a reflex cessation of movement in the GI tract, again to prevent further irritation to the bladder from the GI movement. Many patients with cystitis or overstretched bladders | Vesicointestinal reflex: |
| Taut stretching of the skin and muscles over the abdomen irritates the nerve plexus and causes a slowing or cessation of GI activity to prevent further irritation. for many women who wore such constraining garments. Tight-fitting clothing | Somatointestinal reflex: |
| This Central reflex is stimulated whenever a food bolus stimulates pressure receptors in the back of the throat and pharynx. These receptors send impulses to the medulla, which stimulates a series of nerves that cause the following actions: the soft p | Swallowing |
| The vomiting reflex is stimulated by two centers in the medulla. The more primitive center is called. This type of intense reaction is seen in young children and whenever increased pressure in the brain or brain damage allows the more primitive center | the emetic zone |
| CTZ is stimulated in several ways: | |
| reflex response of the stomach to lower-than-normal acid levels; when acid levels are lowered through the use of antacids, gastrin production and secretion are increased to return the stomach to its normal acidity | acid rebound: |
| enzymes produced in the gastrointesti- nal tract to break down foods into usable nutrients | digestive enzymes: |
| drug that coats any injured area in the stomach to prevent further injury from acid or pepsin | GI protectant: |
| drug that blocks the H2 receptor sites; used to decrease acid production in the stomach (H2 sites are stimulated to cause the release of acid in response to gastrin or parasympathetic stimulation) | histamine-2 (H2) antagonist: |
| erosion of the lining of stomach or duodenum; results from imbalance between acid produced and the | peptic ulcer: |
| any one of numerous tissue hormones that have local effects on various systems and organs of the body, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased or decreased GI activity, and increased or decreased pancreatic enzyme release | prostaglandin: |
| drug that blocks the H+, K+ , -ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cells, thus interfering with the final step of acid production and lowering acid levels in the stomach. | proton pump inhibitor: |
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