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history: mod15 les1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| industrial revolution | great increase in machine production that begain in England in the 18th century |
| enclosure | large closed-in field for farming |
| crop rotation | planting a different crop in the same field each year to allow the soil to regenerate |
| industrialization | process of developing machine production of goods |
| factors of produciton | conditions needed to produce goods & services |
| factory | building where goods are made |
| entrepreneur | person who organizes, manages, & takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise |
| henry bessemer | british engineer who developed a way to mass-produce steel cheaply |
| how did the landscape of England change during the agricultural revolution of the early 1700's? | it increased crop & livestock yields by improving soil fertility & reducing fallow |
| jethro tull was a "pioneer" in farming. Explain | he invented a seed drill that made planting more efficient. it's like saying he found a new farming tool |
| why does crop rotation work? | it allows the soil to regenerate each year so that's why the same crop isn't in the same spot. |
| what were some of the inventions that changed the agricultural production in England? | water frame, spinning mule, power loom, spinning jenny, flying shuttle, seed drill, cotton gin |
| when farms improved, how did England change? | popuation increased steadily, more food was available for humans and livestock, less death rates, helped gain money |
| why was England the first the industrialize? | because of the effects of the agricultural revolution |
| what are factors of production? | land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. |
| flying shuttle | John Kay, it allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics |
| spinning jenny | James Hargreaves, a machine that spun wool or cotton |
| water frame | Richard Arkwright, it used water power to run spinning machines that made yarn |
| spinning mule | Samuel Crompton, made better thread |
| power loom | Edmund Cartwright, a machine that sped up the cloth-making process |
| seed drill | Jethro Tull, it planted seeds in the earth, so the wind didn't blow away the seeds |
| cotton gin | Eli Whitney, it sped up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber |
| why was there a need for factories? | to work at a quicker pace |
| merchantilism | sell more stuff, buy less |
| how did agricultural revolution contribute to great britain | farms became larger, more efficient for growing, plants such as cotton helped textile industry |
| how did abundant natural resources contribute to great britain | the resources were easy to get in large portions & were not expensive |
| how did political stability contribute to great britain | was peaceful for britain, poeple had positive attitudes, government passed laws protecting business |
| how did factors of production contribute to great britain | british people had 4 things: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs |
| how did technological advances in the textile industry contribute to great britain | advances in technology made production faster & easier, used river water to make it faster |
| how did entrepreneurs contribute to great britain | people who start businesses & create their own wealth |
| how did building of factories contribute to great britain | factories provided jobs and increased production |
| how did railroad boom contribute to great britain | goods and people could easily cross the country |
| what changes did industrialization bring for poor city dwellers | they were forced to live in filthy dark houses, under unhealthy and unsafe conditions |
| what changes did industrialization bring for factory workers | they had to work in small areas, with toxic exposures, poor ventilation, and trauma from machinery |
| what changes did industrialization bring for wealthy merchants, factory owners, and shippers | they gained wealth and status and joined the middle class of professionals, business people, and skilled workers and famers |
| what changes did industrialization bring for children | as young as six worked in factories for long hours and under bad conditons, and worked in unsanitary areas for many hours |
| what changes did industrialization bring for lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers | enjoyed a comfortable standart of living, treated fairly, and lived were they were at comfort |
| what changes did industrialization bring for large landowners and aristocrats | lost most of their status, power, and respect but looked down on those who gained wealth in business |
| what happened to the environment due to industrial revolution | the earth got polluted and natural resources were depleted |
| what happened to the education due to industrail revolution | opportunities expanded in response to a need for skilled and professional workes |
| urbanization | city building and the movement of people to cities |
| middle class | social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers |
| elizabeth gaskell | wrote: tale of manchester life- mary barton |
| robert fulton | invented the world's first successful steamboat |
| what is a macadam road | a construction road pioneered by John Loudon McAdam |
| how did railroads change the life in England | they allowed people and products to travel further and faster |
| impact of population explosion in Europe | lots of overcrowding in cities, bad diseases went around |
| working conditions of the factory workers | worked long hours for little money, unsafe and led to many deadly accidents, there was a division of labor |
| luddites | the people who destroyed machines because they took over their jobs |
| positive effects of industrialization | created jobs, enriched nations, education expanded, cheap clothes, housing improved, worked shorter hours, better wages and conditions |
| negative effects of industrialization | air and water pollution, soil contamination, bad living conditons, child labor, dangerous work places, discrimination against women |
| mass production | system of manufacturing large quantities of identical items |
| interchangeable parts | achine parts that are indentical and manufactured by machine, |
| assembly line | each worker does one step of a manufacturing process |
| division of labor | different workers doing individual and different tasks |
| specialization | seperation of tasks |
| economic interdependence | people in a society relying on other people |
| stock | right of ownership in a company called corporation |
| corporation | business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debt, control as much business as they can |
| industrialization began in | great britain |
| great britain started industrial revoltion because of their | geography, financial systems, political stability, and natural resources such as coal, water, fast moving rivers, steel/iron, and natural harbors |
| how did War of 1812 with Britain help US industrailize | they had natural and labor resources that britain didnt have |
| samuel slater | he was an english textile worker, he built the textile mill int he US |
| francis cabot lowell | revolutionalized the way cloth was made, made lowell a booming town |
| rhode island system | system where families all work, was copied all over the North East |
| why did farm girls prefer to work in the textile mills | they could make more money/wages, had more independence |
| advantages of mass production to owners | could get rich by using labor |
| advantages of mass production to workers | became specialized, but had to repeat the same job |
| advantages of mass production to consumers | prices of mass produced goods fell, and had more choices |
| advantages of mass production to society | became economically independent |
| second industrail revoltion in USA | a technology boom after the civil, small companies formed larger and powerful companies |
| what led to the rise of corporations in the USA | cheap labor, new inventions, technology, and plentiful raw materials |
| John D Rockfeller | founder of the standard oil company |
| Andrew Carnegie | led enormous expansion of american steel industry in late 19th century |
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