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ecology study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms & their environment. | ecology |
| group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | species |
| 1 - individual that possesses all characteristics of life | organism |
| 2 - group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time | population |
| 3 - group of different populations living together in an area | community |
| 4 - all of the organisms in an area (biotic factors) AND the nonliving components (abiotic factors) | ecosystem |
| 5 - group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | biome |
| 6 - contains all biomes and aquatic ecosystems | biosphere |
| The _____________ is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth. | sun |
| Energy flows from the sun to ________________, then to ___________________ (_____) | producer, consumers |
| organism that uses sun's energy to make own food | autotroph/producer |
| organism that must use another organism for food | consumer |
| rate at which organic matter is created by producers | primary productivity |
| primary productivity is controlled by the amount of available nutrients and other _ | energy sources |
| Primary productivity determines _ in an ecosystem | biodiversity |
| consume only plants | herbivores |
| consume only meat | carnivores |
| consume plants and animals | omnivores |
| feed on dead matter | Detritivore |
| break down dead organisms & return nutrients to soil | decomposer |
| a carnivore that consumes already dead animals | scavenger |
| series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten | trophic level |
| network of complex interactions in an ecosystem that cannot be described by a single food chain. | food webs |
| Food webs consist of several interconnected | food chains |
| steps in a food chain or food web | trophic levels |
| arrows are drawn in the direction of ___________ __________ (from what is being consumed to what is doing the consuming) | energy flow; from prey to predator |
| each consumer in a food chain or food web depends on the ____________ __________ below it for energy | trophic level (primary producers) |
| Primary consumers-those that are _______________ | eating plants/plant-eaters/herbivores |
| secondary/tertiary consumers-those that are _____________ or ______________ and feed on another consumer | carnivores or omnivores |
| diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | Energy pyramid *Only 10% of energy at each trophic level is passed onto the next level; 90% is lost as heat |
| ______________-depicts amount of energy at each trophic level -energy=factor that determines the length of a ___________ _________ | Energy pyramid, limiting factor |
| only about ______ of the energy present in a given trophic level is passed on to the next level. | 10% |
| represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem | biomass pyramid |
| the amount of living tissue within a trophic level | biomass |
| less biomass as you move up the | pyramid |
| __________________-based on the # of individuals at each trophic level...# of individuals ________________ as you go up the pyramid | numbers pyramid; decreases |
| area where an organism lives | habitat |
| ____________-all organisms within an ecosystem | biotic factors |
| ____________-nonliving factors | abiotic factors |
| the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions | niche |
| The niche is also known as the _________ an organism plays in its habitat | role/job |
| no _______ species can share the same niche in the same habitat | 2 |
| _____________-occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same ____________ in the same place at the same time | competition; resources |
| resources include - | food, water, mates, shelter, space, etc. |
| ___________-interaction in which one species catches and feeds on another | Predation |
| ___________-organisms that catch and feed on other organisms | predators |
| ___________-the organism that is caught and serves as a food source | prey |
| ____________-relationship in which two species live in close association with each other | symbiosis |
| ____________-both species benefit from the relationship | mutualism |
| examples of mutualism | Lichens, clown fish and anemone, cattle and egret |
| _____________- one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. | commensalism |
| examples of commensalism | A bird living in the hole in a tree and barnacles on a hermit crab |
| _____________-one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. | parasitism |
| ________-the organism that benefits | parasite |
| ________-the organism that is harmed | host |
| example of parasitism | dog and fleas |
| ________________________-series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time due to ______________ or ________________ disturbances. | ecological succesion, natural, human |
| ex-regrowth after a _____________________________________________________. | volcanic eruption |
| Matter can cycle between ______________ and ______________ components of ecosystems. It can cycle in many directions and is _______________ from one form to another. | living, nonliving, transformed |
| Matter is made of __________________. | elements |
| All elements on earth today were also here millions of years ago. The amounts of these elements remains __________________but the forms they can exist in change. | constant |
| Biogeochemical cycles-process in which _____________, chemical _____________, and other forms of _____________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. | elements, compounds, matter |
| Water Cycle-biological components -Plants take in water through their roots. It can _____________ (evaporation) and reenter the atmosphere. | transpire |
| Animals drink water and eat plants. They then respire and ___________water back to the biosphere | excrete |
| ___________________ of dead organisms also returns water to the biosphere. | decomposition |
| condensation, _______________, runoff, and seepage are ______________ components of the water cycle. | precipitation, abiotic |
| __________________ enters plants through __________________ and is converted to _________________. | Carbon dioxide, photosynthesis, glucose |
| Carbon then moves through _____________ ______________. | food chains |
| Carbon can also be returned to the atmosphere through respiration and _________________. | decomposition |
| deposition(carbon which is deposited to the seafloor), ____________________________, erosion, and __________________ are all nonliving components of the carbon cycle. | burning fossil fuels, volcanic activity |
| Lightning and nitrogen fixing ________________ can bond nitrogen to _____________ or _______________ to make usable nitrogen compounds. Synthetic ______________ can also be added to the soil. | Bacteria, oxygen, hydrogen, fertilizers |
| Plants absorb these compound from the ________. Usable nitrogen then moves through ______________________. | soil, food chains |
| Decomposition and _____________ return nitrogen to the ________. | excretion, soil |
| Does not exist in a ______________ form. ______________ is tied up in rock, sediment, and ____________. Plants take in phosphates that are_______________ in water. Phosphorus then moves through food chains. | Gaseous, Phosphorus, water, dissolved |
| Decomposition and _________________ return phosphorus to the soil. | excretion |
Created by:
Irfa_por