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PSYCH-Chapt 12
Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Branch of psychology that investigates how a person's thoughts, feelings and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment |
| Sense of self | Your sense of who you are in relation to other people. A unique sense of identity that has been influenced by the presence of other people and by your social, cultural and psychological experiences |
| James Jackson | A pioneer of the study of race and ethnicity. A social psychologist who founded the program for research on black Americans and launched the national survey of black Americans (NSBA) |
| Social Cognition | The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments |
| Social influence | The effect of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior |
| Person Perception | The mental processes used to form judgements and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people |
| Social norms | The unwritten rules or expectations for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation |
| Social categorization | The mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics |
| Explicit cognition | Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgements, decisions and reasoning |
| Implicit Cognition | Automatic, nonconscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgements, decisions and reasoning |
| Implicit personality theory | A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits and behaviors |
| Attribution | The mental process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior including ones own |
| Fundamental attribution error | The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the role of external or situational factors |
| Blaming the victim | The tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it |
| Hindsight bias | The tendency after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predict the outcome |
| Just world hypothesis | The assumption that the world is fair and therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Self serving bias | The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of ones own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external or situational causes |
| Attitude | A learned tendency to evaluate some object, person or issue in a particular way |
| Three components of attitude | 1. Cognitive component 2. Emotional component 3. Behavioral component |
| Cognitive dissonance | An unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| Prejudice | A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group |
| Intersectionality | The ways in which a person's different group identities combine to influence their experience in the world |
| Stereotype | A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group |
| In Group (us)` | A social group to which one belongs |
| Out Group (them) | A group to which one does not belong |
| Out group homogeneity effect | The tendency to see members of outgroups as very similar to one another |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency to judge the behavior of our ingroup members favorably and outgroup members unfavorably |
| Implicit attitudes | Preferences and biases towards particular groups that are automatic, spontaneous, unintentional and often inconspicuous |
| Implicit association test (IAT) | The most widely used test to measure implicit attitudes and preferences developed by psychologist Anthony Greenwald |
| Conformity | Adjusting opinions, judgments or behaviors so they match those of other people or the norms of a social group or situation |
| Normative social influence | Behavior motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval |
| Informational social influence | Behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct |
| Stanley Milgram | One of social psychology's most creative and influential researchers-best known for experimental investigations of obedience |
| Obedience | The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command |
| Altruism | Helping another person with no expectation of personal benefit |
| Prosocial behavior | Any behavior that helps another person whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless |
| Bystander effect | A phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress |
| Diffusion of responsibility | Other peoples presence makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers |
| Aggression | Verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people |
| Prefrontal cortex | Researchers have observed differences in the _________ of people who are prone to aggressive and angry outbursts |
| Social loafing | The tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort |
| Social facilitation | The tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance |
| Deindividuation | The reduction of self awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is part of a group where members feel anonymous |
| Persuasion | The deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behavior of another person in a situation in which that person has some freedom of choice |
Created by:
mmerry