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BIOL II EXAM 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The two main factors of the lymphatic system are | returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections. |
| Which of the following are found in the interstitial fluid and consume any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encountered? | macrophage |
| Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? | memory cells |
| The thymus is most active during childhood. A child with a malfunctioning thymus will have trouble with_________. | humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
| Following tissue damage or the entry of microorganism, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the_______________. | release of the histamine by mast cells |
| A researcher who detects a higher-than-normal amount of interferon in a laboratory rat would correctly conclude that | the rat has, or recently had, a viral infection. |
| The first line of defense against infection is________________. | the skin and mucous membranes |
| A macromolecule produced in the body that recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body is a(n)______. | antibody |
| What can white blood cells do that helps them carry out their defensive functions more effectively? | migrate into and out of blood vessels |
| Clonal selection is the division of_______that has been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned____________. | B cells...plasma cells and memory cells |
| What is the key difference between active immunity and passive immunity? | In active immunity, a body produces it's own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person recieves pre-made antibodies. |
| What is the primary cell type involved in humoral immunity? | B cells |
| The body's innate defenses defense against infection include | barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus. |
| Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? | Macrophage |
| The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of_____, which plays a role in the_______immune response. | Perforin...cell-mediated |
| Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct? | Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal. |
| Neurosecretory cells | Participate in the nervous and the endocrine systems. |
| Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in_______. | the nucleus |
| A signal molecule is also known as a(n)_______. | ligand |
| Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has a | faster response, but the signal does not last as long. |
| How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones? | nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways |
| A friend of yours is diagnosed with hypothyroidism and shows you the results of her most recent blood tests. The level of thyroxine is below normal, but the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) are above normal. | The TSH receptors in the thyroid are unable to respond to release thyroxine (thyroid hormone) when stimulated by TSH. |
| What hormone does the pineal gland produce to chemically identify day and season length? | melatonin |
| A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have | an intracellular receptor protein that binds the hormone. |
| How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect? | They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells that have receptors for it. |
| A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a_________binds to a receptor. | signal molecule |
| A cell that neither gains nor loses water while sitting in a solution is probably sitting in | an isotonic environment. |
| Some insects use their flight muscles to warm up prior to singing and regulate their nest temperature. This behavior would be considered an example of______________. | endothermic thermoregulation |
| The transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects that are in direct contact is called______. | conduction |
| Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),____________is produced. | more concentrated urine |
| Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body when it becomes overheated? | increased blood flow to the skin |
| The metabolic heat lost by penguins through convection and_______is offset by heat gained through__________due to their huddling behavior. | radiation;conduction |
| The primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by kidneys of mammals is_________. | urea |
| Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney? | nephron |
| The term endothermic refers specifically to a(n)___________. | animal that gets most of its body heat from its metabolism |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the___________permeable to water. | collecting duct |
| Which part of the nephron is most directly involved in the filtration of blood? | Bowman's capsule |
| How can an emperor penguin on the outer edge of a huddle conserve heat as efficiently as a penguin in the middle of the huddle? | The penguin on the periphery of the huddle will ultimately be in the center of the huddle. |
| Freshwater fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine. What is the best explanation for this? | Because they live in a hypertonic solution, their cells take up an excess of water must be excreted. |
| Many birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which_______________________. | forms solids that are relatively water-soluble and nontoxic |
| A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to_______________________. | reduce the loss of heat to the environment |
| Because only the_____gland uses iodine to make its hormones, radioactive iodine is often used as a treatment for tumors of this gland. | thyroid |
| Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor? | estrogen |
| Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in________ | association with a cell's plasma membrane |
| The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that_________________________. | they turn Gene's on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted |
| Axioms insulated by a(n)_________are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated. | myelin sheath |
| A nerve impulse moves toward a nueron's cell body_______and away from a neuron's cell body along______. | dendrites...axons |
| Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules? | an action potential reaching the end of the axon |
| A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a | neurotransmitter. |
| When a neuron is at its rest potential | there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside. |
| Action potentials are generated along a neuron because____________. | depolarization of the membrane at one point causes an increase of permeability to sodium at the next point. |
| Which statement regarding the nervous system is true? | Motor neurons convey signals from the CNS to effector cells. |
| Nervous system effector cells | include muscle cells and gland cells. |
| The central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body is the | spinal cord. |
| What causes an action potential to be conducted along a neuron's axon? | The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels, causing sodium channels farther along the axon to open. |
| A neuron's nucleus is located in its________. | cell body |
| Sarah turns quickly and sees the soccer ball hurtling toward her face. She blinks and ducks for cover. During this reaction, Sarah perceived the ball, decided what to do, and then blinked. Which choice lists the cells that were involved in this process fr | sensory neurons (part of the PNS), integration (part of the CNS), and motor neurons (part of the PNS) |
| An impulse related along a myelinated axon "jumps" from_____to________. ANSWER: | node of Ranvier...node of Ranvier |
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