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Unit 3 (71-107)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linguists | scientists who study languages |
| Language Tree | shows the relationship among language families and suggests how several languages are related to each other, as well as how one language grows out of another. |
| Indo-European Language Family | One of the 15 major language families, a large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. Nearly half of the world's population speaks one of the languages |
| Romance Languages | The unifying language of Latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages |
| Isoglosses | The boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage |
| Dialects | Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling |
| Adages | sayings that attempt to express a truth about life, such as "the early bird gets the worm." |
| Toponyms | the names of places |
| Official Language | one designated by law to be the language of government |
| Homogenous | made up largely of ethnically similar people |
| Adherents | believers in their faith |
| Ethnic Religions | belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers. |
| Universal Religions | actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds |
| Hinduism | Classified as an ethnic religion, this religion includes the worship of many deities |
| Polytheistic | means having many gods |
| Monotheistic | means having one god |
| Karma | the idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future life |
| Caste System | a rigid class structure, that shaped Indian society. The concept of reincarnation or rebirth based on the quality of life a person lived is a central belief of most Hindus. |
| Buddhism | Buddhism grew out of the teachings of a prince named Siddhartha who lived around 600 B.C.E. Accepting many beliefs of Hinduism but rejecting the caste system, Siddhartha became known as the Buddha and figured out how to end suffering. |
| Four noble truths | summarized Buddhist doctrines which sought to eliminate desire and suffering by following the Eightfold Path |
| Eightfold path | Siddhartha advised followers to escape the cycle of suffering through "right" views, hopes, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation. |
| Sikhism | A relatively new universalizing monotheistic faith founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region that crosses the border of India and Pakistan during the 16th century. The faith stresses serving others, honesty, hard work, and generosity rather than rituals. |
| Gurdwara | A Sikh's place of worship and followers usually attend a service once a week. |
| Judaism | among the first monotheistic faiths. Adherents believe that the writing known as the Torah expresses divine will. It is supplemented by other writings as well as unwritten laws and customs. |
| Torah | A holy Jewish writing supposedly expressing divine will |
| Holocaust | the systematic murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany |
| Christianity | began when followers of a Jewish teacher, Jesus (c. 4 B.C.E. to c. 30 C.E.), evolved into their own religion based on the belief that Jesus was the son of God and the savior of humans. He emphasized the importance of faith, love, and peace. |
| Islam | the religion followed by Muslims. Muslims believe that Allah—the Arabic word for God—revealed his teachings to humans through a series of prophets. The last of these was Muhammad, who lived in what is now Saudi Arabia in the 6th and 7th centuries C.E. |
| Five pillars | The core principles of the Quran: belief in one god—Allah, ritual prayer, almsgiving (giving of wealth or volunteering for charitable causes), fasting (abstaining from food or drink), and pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Sunni | 90 percent of Muslim adherents. Sunnis focus on following the Prophet's example whereas Shi'a focus on the lineage of Muhammad's family through a series of Imams. |
| Shia | 10 percent of Muslim adherents. Sunnis focus on following the Prophet's example whereas Shi'a focus on the lineage of Muhammad's family through a series of Imams. |
| Pilgrimage | a religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion. |
| Acculturation | Often, an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture. |
| Assimilation | happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group. |
| Syncretism | The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait |
| Multiculturalism | the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study |
| Nativists | people with anti-immigrant attitudes may form among the cultural majority, sometimes bringing violence and government actions against the immigrant or minority group |
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