Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotic genome | single celled organisms, one double stranded circular DNA molecule. Resides in the nucleoid |
| Eukaryotic genome | multicellular organisms, several linear double stranded DNA molecules in the form of chromosomes. Resides in the nucleus |
| chromosomes; linear chunks of DNA Genes; found on chromosomes codes for traits traits; what we see | distinguish between chromosomes, genes, and traits |
| describe the mechanisms of chromosome compaction | starts as double helix, wrapped around histone proteins to form a nucleosome, DNA condenses into chromatin, DNA is copied then condenses into chromosome for cell division, two identical chromatids called sister chromatids are formed |
| G1 Phase | first gap, cell is preparing |
| S phase | DNA synthesis, DNA is duplicated |
| G2 phase | energy is replenished, organelles reproduce and cytoskeleton break down |
| prometaphase | nuclear envelope fragments. microtubules begin to interact with chromosomes at kinetochore. protein complex that assemble on DNA at centromeres. |
| prophase | DNA condenses into chromosomes, mitotic spindle begins to form, structure made of microtubules and associated proteins, centrosomes move towards poles |
| metaphase | centrosomes are at opposite ends microtubules align chromosomes along the metaphase plate. no nuclear envelope |
| anaphase | microtubules contract (get smaller), separation of sister chromatids, each copy is pulled toward a separate pole (side of the cell), cell elongates, no nuclear envelope |
| telophase | nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense back to chromatin, spindle microtubules are gone. |
| cytokinesis in animals | actin filaments contract around the equator of the cell, constrict from outside in, forms two individual daughter cells |
| cytokinesis in plants | cell wall prevents constriction, cell wall materials are delivered to center of cell to form a cell plate, the plate grows to create two daughter cells |
| describe G0 | cell retirement, cell is alive but not dividing. enter G0 phase if it does not pass G1 checkpoint |
| internal mechanisms | protein regulators, negative/positive regulators |
| external mechanisms | growth factors, anchorage dependence, density dependent inhibition |
| G1 checkpoint | is the cell big enough |
| G2 checkpoint | were any mistakes made |
| M checkpoint | all chromosomes must be attached to spindle microtubules and at metaphase plate |
| protooncogenes + tumor suppressors | describe the molecules that control the cell cycle through positive and negative regulation |
| because checkpoints are not being checked causes tumors | Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth |
| makes proteins that inhibit cell division or cause apoptois | describe how tumor suppressors function |
| proto-oncogenes | make proteins that stimulate cell division advance the cell cylce |
| they don't suppress tumors, they don't check the cell | explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer |
| Meiosis one | seperation of homolgous chromosomes |
| meiosis 2 | separation of sister chromatids |
| meiosis has homologos chromosomes, Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. | explain the differences between meiosis and mitosis |
| crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization | explain the mechanisms within the meiotic process that produce genetic variation among the haploid gametes |
| variation is good because we get new combos of alleles that increase survival and the ability to produce offspring | identify variation among offspring as a potential evolutionary advantage o sexual reproduction |
| diploid dominant, haploid dominant, alternation of generations | describe the three different life cycle types among sexually reproducing multicellular organisms |
| protein regulators | used to stop or start parts of the cell cycle |
| negative regulators | stop the advancement of the cell cycle |
| positive regulators | promote the advancement of the cell cycle |
| pedigree | a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations |
| square | male |
| shaded in square | affected male |
| circle | female |
| shaded in circle | affected female |
| diamond | gender unkown |
| slash through unshaded shape | dead male/femal |
| slash through shaded shape | affected dead male/female |
Created by:
amkeh