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Nutrition Exam 4
Chapters 7 and 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _________ are potent compounds that perform many tasks in the body to promote growth and reproduction and help maintain health and life | vitamins |
| True or false: vitamins provide calories | false |
| true or false: vitamins help us make use of the calories that we consume | true |
| a disease caused by the lack of vitamin C and characterized by bleeding gums, tooth loss, and even death | scurvy |
| ________ was the father of medicine that discovered a lack of vitamin C was leading to scurvy | hippocrates |
| a disease that happens in children, causing skeletal deformities as a result of a lack in vitamin D | rickets |
| a disease that causes dry, crusty, scabby, black patches of skin; known as "sour skin" | pellagra |
| true or false: vitamins contain nitrogen | True |
| the name of the doctor that coined the term "vitamins" because they are vital to life | Dr. Casimir funk |
| The two categories of vitamins | water-soluble and fat-soluble |
| the ______-soluble vitamins dissolve in water | water |
| the ___-soluble vitamins dissolve in water | fat |
| true or false: there have been 13 vitamins identified by scientists | true |
| the water soluble vitamins are | the B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin) and vitamin C |
| the fat soluble vitamins are | vitamins A,D,E, and K |
| the water soluble vitamins are distributed into the water-filled compartments of the body, including the ____ _____ | spinal cord |
| true or false: the body does not excrete excess water soluble vitamins if levels get too high | false |
| the _____-soluble vitamins rarely become toxic levels in the body because the excess is secreted out of the body | water |
| the best sources of thiamin are | meat, liver, fish, poultry, whole grains, nuts and legumes |
| the chief roles of thiamin are | enzymes that help release energy from carbohydrates, supports a normal appetite and nervous system functions |
| deficiency symptoms of thiamin | edema, heart irregularity, mental confusion, muscle weakness, apathy, impaired growth |
| the best sources of riboflavin | milk, leafy greens, yogurt, cottage cheese, meat, whole grains |
| chief roles of riboflavin | helps enzymes release energy from carbs, fats, and proteins, and promotes healthy skin and normal vision |
| deficiency symptoms of riboflavin | eye problems, skin disorders, and hypersensitivity to light |
| best sources of niacin | meat, eggs, fish , milk, whole grains, nuts, legumes, peanuts |
| chief roles of niacin | helps enzyme release of energy from nutrients, promotes health of skin, nerves, and digestive system |
| deficiency symptoms of niacin | pellagra, dizziness, weakness, anemia, convulsions, and kidney stones |
| toxicity symptoms of niacin | flushing, nausea, headaches, cramps, ulcer irritation, heartburn, abnormal liver function, rapid heartbeat |
| best sources of B6 | meat, shellfish, legumes, fruit, soy products, whole grains. leafy green vegetables |
| chief roles of B6 | protein and fat metabolism, formation of antibodies and red blood cells, helps convert tryptophan to niacin |
| deficiency of B6 | nervous disorders, skin rash. muscle weakness. anemia, convulsions, kidney stones |
| toxicity of B6 | depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, numbness, damage to nerves, difficulty walking |
| best sources of folate | vegetables, liver, legumes, seeds, citrus fruits, melons, grains |
| chief roles of folate | red blood cell formation, protein metabolism, and new cell division |
| folate deficiency symptoms | anemia, heartburn, diarrhea, smooth red tongue, depression, poor growth, neural tube defects, increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers |
| folate toxicity symptoms | diarrhea, insomnia, irritability, and may mask a B12 deficiency |
| B12 best sources | animal products |
| chief roles of B12 | helps maintain nerve cells, red blood cell formation, and synthesis of genetic materials |
| deficiency symptoms of B12 | anemia, smooth red tongue, fatigue, nerve degeneration progressing to paralysis |
| best sources of pantothenic acid | widespread in foods |
| chief roles of pantothenic acid | coenzyme in energy metabolism |
| deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid | rare; sleep disturbances, nausea and fatigue |
| best sources of biotin | widespread in foods |
| chief roles of biotin | coenzyme in energy metabolism; fat synthesis |
| biotin deficiency symptoms | loss of appetite, nausea, depression, muscle pain |
| best sources of vitamin C | citrus fruits, cabbage type veggies, potatoes |
| chief roles of vitamin C | synthesis of collagen, antioxidants, strengthens resistance to infection, helps the body absorb iron |
| deficiency of vitamin C symptoms | scurvy, anemia, depression, frequent infections. bleeding gums, loosens teeth, pinpoint hemorrhages, muscle degeneration, rough skin, bone fragility, poor wound healing, and hysteria |
| toxicity of vitamin c | nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and increased risk for kidney stones |
| __-soluble vitamins can buildup in the fat storages and in the liver, it is possible for them to reach toxic levels | fat |
| best sources of vitamin A | dairy, leafy green veggies, deep orange fruits and veggies |
| chief roles of vitamin A | vision, growth and repair of body tissues, mucous membranes. reproduction, bone and tooth formation, immunity, hormone synthesis, and antioxidants |
| deficiency of vitamin a symptoms | night blindness, rough skin, infections, impaired bone growth, abnormal tooth and jaw alignment, eye problems, and impaired growth |
| toxicity symptoms of vitamin a | red blood cell breakage, nosebleeds, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, blurred vision, irritability, loss appetite bone pain, dry skin, rashes, hair loss, cessation of menstruation, liver disease, birth defects |
| best sources of vitamin D | self synthesized with sunlight, dairy products, fish |
| chief roles of vitamin d | calcium and phosphorus metabolism and aids in the absorption of calcium |
| deficiency symptoms of vitamin d | rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, abnormal growth, joint pain, soft bones |
| toxicity symptoms of vitamin d | deposits of calcium in organs such as the kidneys, liver, or heart, mental retardation, abnormal bone growth |
| best sources of vitamin e | vegetable oils, green veggies, wheat germ, whole-grain products, egg yolks, salad dressings |
| chief roles of vitamin e | protects red blood cells, antioxidant that protects the fat soluble vitamins, stabilization of the cell membranes |
| best sources of vitamin k | bacteria synthesis in the digestive tract |
| chief roles of vitamin k | synthesis of blood clotting proteins and a protein that regulates blood calcium levels |
| deficiency symptoms of vitamin e | muscle waisting, weakness, red blood cell breakage, anemia, hemorrhaging |
| deficiency symptoms of vitamin k | hemorrhaging and decreased calcium in bones |
| toxicity symptoms of vitamin e | may increase bleeding |
| toxicity of vitamin k | interference of anti-clotting medication, may cause jaundice |
| the water soluble vitamins act as __________ | coenzymes |
| coenzyme | assists the enzymes in doing their metabolic work within the body (help enzymes catalyze things) |
| true or false: the water soluble vitamins are typically fragile | true |
| the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed through the aid of ______ and _____ | fats and bile |
| true or false: fat soluble vitamins can be produced by the body so you don't have to consume them everyday | false |
| antioxidants | fight off the free radicals created in the body |
| highly toxic compounds that contain oxygen; can cause severe cell injury and damage | free radicals |
| the antioxidant vitamins are _,_, and the carotenoid _____-_________ | c,e, beta-carotene |
| antioxidant vitamins enhance the ________ system | immune |
| antioxidant vitamins limit the formation of ____ ________ | free radicals |
| antioxidant vitamins destroy free radicals and prevent _________ damage to the cells | oxidative |
| antioxidant vitamins reduce inflammation in the _______ _________ | blood vessels |
| vitamin _ works to squelch free radicals before they injure the body and works with vitamin e to block damaging chain reactions | c |
| vitamin c is also a powerful scavenger of environmental ___ __________ | air pollutants |
| true or false: people that smoke need more vitamin c | true |
| vitamin c is required for the production and maintenance of _________ | collagen |
| vitamin c has also been know to help fight ______ because the body uses more vitamin c in those times | stress |
| vitamin c boots the body's ability to fight __________ and it can protect against heart disease and certain types of cancer | infections |
| vitamin _ can help protect white blood cells | e |
| vitamin e is very important to __________ function | neuromuscular function |
| deficiency of vitamin e can cause cell __________ to rupture | membranes |
| family of pigments that beta carotene is apart of | carotenoid |
| carotenoid can help prevent age related ________ degeneration | macular |
| beta carotene can lower the risk of ________ | cataracts |
| beta carotene is a vitamin _ precursor | a |
| the most notable function of vitamin a is the role it plays on _______ | vision |
| retinal | a portion of the pigment molecule that can only be synthesized by the body if vitamin a is supplied in the diet in some form |
| night blindness | symptom of a deficiency of vitamin a |
| vitamin a also helps maintain healthy __________ tissue | epithelial |
| vitamin a is important in the production of _____ | sperm |
| as much as a _____ supply of vitamin a can be stored in the liver at once | year |
| retinol activity equivalents (RAE) | a measure of the amount of retinol that the body will derive from food |
| ______ and B__ assist in the formation of new red blood cells | folate and B12 |
| vitamin __ is associated with hemoglobin | B6 |
| other names for folate are | folic acid or folacin |
| folate is a _________ | coenzyme |
| folate is essential in the synthesis of ____ | DNA |
| anemia (lack of folate) | the body is unable to carry sufficient oxygen to the cells of the body |
| rapid growth can lead to a deficiency in _______ | folate |
| lack of folate during pregnancy can lead to | neural tube defects |
| high levels of folate in the body can mask a deficiency in vitamin ___ | B12 |
| total folate intake should not exceed _ milligram(s) daily | 1 |
| three b vitamins that can decrease heart disease | B12, B6, folate |
| homocysteine | protein that is abundant when there is deficiency in b vitamins; may enhance blood clot formation and damage the artery walls |
| vitamin ____ anemia is very similar to anemia of folate | B12 |
| vegetarians are often lacking this vitamin | vitamin B12 |
| intrinsic factor | a genetic component that is produced in the stomach that enables the body to be able to use vitamin B12 |
| atrophic gastritis | age related condition characterized by the stomach's inability to produce enough acid that limits the absorption of B12 |
| B6 helps the body make ____________ | hemoglobin |
| the need for vitamin B6 is proportionate to the amount of _______ a person needs | protein |
| vitamin k can be synthesized by the ___________ ____________ | intestinal microflora |
| intestinal microflora | the bacteria that reside in the digestive tract and make vitamin k |
| newborn babies are susceptible to a vitamin _ deficiency | k |
| shop for produce at least _____ a week | once |
| true or false: storing fruits and veggies in the fridge can help them to retain their vitamins longer | true |
| store fruits and veggies _____ | whole |
| eat frozen veggies and fruits within _ months of buying | 2 |
| cook veggies in _____ for a short amount of time to retain the most nutrients | water |
| vitamin _ is essential for bone health because it helps hte body absorb calcium | d |
| vitamin _ can act as a hormone | d |
| __ minutes of sun exposure a day can help you make adequate amounts of vitamin d | 15 |
| energy metabolism | the ability to break down foods and convert them to energy |
| vitamins used in energy metabolism | all the b vitamins |
| _______ acts as a coenzyme for the release of energy from carbs | thiamin |
| severe deficiency of thiamin | beriberi |
| __________ helps to prepare fatty acids and amino acids for breakdown | riboflavin |
| riboflavin can be broken down by__ _______ | UV rays |
| without _______ energy production would come to a halt | niacin |
| deficiency of niacin leads to this disease | pellagra |
| ___________ is a protein that can be converted into niacin | tryptophan |
| ___ milligrams of tryptophan converts to one milligram of niacin | 60 |
| Choline | a vitamin like substance that is needed to metabolize homocysteine |
| ________ is also needed to make lecithin and other molecules | choline |
| non-vitamins | substances that are important to cell membranes and cellular activities but are not essential in human diets because our bodies can make these compounds |
| phytochemical | nonnutritive substances in plants that possess health-protective benefits; give plants their colors |
| Phytochemicals have been proven to be powerful ___________ | antioxidants |
| probiotics | friendly living bacteria |
| prebiotics | fermented dietary fiber that can serve as food for probiotic bacteria |
| Price is not the indication of supplement _________ | quality |
| supplements should contain vitamins and ___________ | minerals |
| buy supplements in ______________ containers | childproof |
| ways to reduce risk of cancer | increase physical activity limit red and processed meats consume recommended levels of calcium and vitamin D eat veggies and fruit avoid alcohol |
| true or false: minerals are inorganic compounds, and vitamins are organic | true |
| the two classes of minerals are | major and trace |
| major minerals occur in _____ quantities in the body and are needed daily in ______ amounts | large |
| the trace minerals occur in ______ quantities and are needed in _____ amounts in the daily diet | small |
| two forms of bone tissue | trabecular and cortical |
| the chief mineral of bones and teeth | calcium |
| combines with calcium in the hard crystals of bones and teeth | phosphorus |
| a factor in bone mineralization; helps make teeth resistant to decay | magnesium |
| strengthens tooth enamel and helps make teeth resistant to decay | fluoride |
| the most abundant mineral in the body | calcium |
| mineral required for the transmission of nerve impulses | calcium |
| calcium is a _________ for several enzymes | cofactor |
| a calcium deficit | osteoporosis |
| calcium appears in | milk, green veggies, fish and shellfish |
| dairy products supply about 40% of peoples intakes of __________ | riboflavin |
| binders | depress absorption of a mineral in the food that it is in but does not affect absorption of the same mineral from a different food eaten at the same time |
| the second most abundant mineral in the body | phosphorus |
| ___________ can help transport lipids in the blood | phosphorus |
| the best source of phosphorus | animal protein |
| ___________ can help provide adequate absorption of calcium | phosphorus |
| mineral present in most foods | phosphorus |
| adults need between _______ and ________ milligrams of calcium daily | 1000 and 1200 |
| helps relax muscles after contractions and promotes resistance to tooth decay by helping hold calcium in tooth enamel | magnesium |
| acts in the cells of the muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissue where it forms part of the protein making machinery needed for the release of energy | magnesium |
| a deficiency of this mineral may lead to sudden death from heart failure and to high blood pressure | magnesium |
| this mineral can protect teeth from decay and also prevent bone loss in older people | fluoride |
| this mineral is commonly found in drinking water | fluoride |
| children's teeth develop with mottled enamel | fluorosis |
| hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and this mineral holds the oxygen for muscle use | iron |
| minerals needed to make hemoglobin | zinc and copper |
| every living cell contains this mineral | iron |
| disease where the supply of iron is too low | iron deficiency anemia |
| the most common widespread nutritional disorder in the world and the most common cause of anemia | iron deficiency |
| the best sources of iron | liver, red meat, poultry, fish, oysters, and clams |
| the two ways that iron occurs | heme and noheme |
| heme iron | bound to the iron carrying proteins |
| nonheme iron | less easily absorbed by the body because it is affected by factors such as the amount of vitamin c consumed with meals |
| render the iron calcium and zinc and magnesium in certain foods less available for absorption | phytates |
| binds to iron and calcium | oxalate |
| iron overload | the body absorbs too much iron |
| zinc is associated with which hormone | insulin |
| ______ is needed for those trying to build new tissue | zinc |
| a trace mineral that is involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism | chromium |
| true or false: chromium works with the hormone insulin | true |
| a major mineral and component of the hormone insulin; also apart of the b vitamins biotin and thiamin and in all dietary proteins | Sulfur |
| a trace mineral that occurs in the body and is an integral part of thyroid hormones | iodine |
| goiter | thyroid swelling due to lack of iodine |
| cretinism | impaired growth of a child because of lack of iodine in the pregnant mother's diet |
| a trace mineral found in the soil that is needed for the synthesis of the active form of the thyroid hormone that regulates the body's metabolic processes | selenium |
| mineral that also functions as an antioxidant | selenium |
| water transports ________ through the body | nutrients |
| water serves as a solvent for ______-_______ nutrients needed by the cells | water-soluble |
| water carries away _____ from the blood and body tissues | waste |
| water _______ eyes, mouth, skin, and nose | hydrates |
| water assures there is adequate ______ volume | blood |
| water forms the main components of _____ _______ | body fluids |
| water participates in many ________ reactions | Chemical |
| water helps maintain normal body __________ | temperature |
| water helps lubricate ______ | joints |
| water serves as a ______ absorber | shocker |
Created by:
Mikayla Behel