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APES Chapter 6
Chapter 6 study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of Complexity | Individual, Populations, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
| Population Size | total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time. |
| Population Density | number of individuals per unit area at a given time. |
| Population Distribution | how individuals are distributed with respect to one another. |
| Population Sex Ratio | ratio of males to female |
| Population Age Structure | how many individuals fit into particular age categories. |
| Clumped Distribution | occurs when resources are concentrated in small areas within a larger habitat or because of individuals forming social groups |
| Random Distribution | set of random numbers that follow a certain probability density function |
| Uniform Distribution | a type of probability distribution in which all outcomes are equally likely. |
| Density-dependent factors | size of the population will influence an individual’s probability of survival - Usually resource factors like food supply and space. |
| Limiting Resource | a resource that a pop cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size |
| Carry capacity, K | limit of how many individuals in a pop the environment can sustain |
| Density-independent factors | size of the population has no effect on the individual’s probability of survival |
| Population growth models | mathematical equation that can be used to predict population size at any given time |
| Population growth rate | number of offspring an individual can produce in a time period minus the deaths of the group |
| Intrinsic Growth Rate (r) | max potential growth under ideal conditions with unlimited resources |
| J shaped curve | Exponential growth rate - Formula:Nt=N0e^rt |
| Logistical Growth (S shaped curve) | when a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity. |
| Overshoot | Happens when food becomes scarce the population will be higher than the carrying capacity. - results in a population die off / crash |
| K-selected species | population that grows slowly until it reaches the carrying capacity |
| R-selected species | population that grows quickly and is often followed by overshoots and die-offs |
| Survivorship curve type 1 | High early survival, high late mortality (Often K) |
| Survivorship curve type 2 | Consistent survivorship throughout lifespan - Morality does not depend on age |
| Survivorship curve type 3 | High early mortality, high late survivorship (Often R) |
| Metapopulations | group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them |
| Ecology | study of interactions between species |
| Competition | the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared or limited resource |
| Competitive exclusion principle | 2 species competing for the same resource cannot coexist |
| Resource Partitioning | when 2 species divide an area - for example the birds and the different parts of the tree |
| Parasitoids | lay eggs inside other organisms. Larve slowly consume host leading to death. |
| Mutualism | Both species benefit |
| Commensalism | One species benefits but other is not harmed or helped |
| Keystone Species | A species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest |
| Ecological Succession | the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time. |
| Primary Succession | occurs on a surface that is initially devoid of soil |
| Secondary Succession | plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil |
| Pioneer Species | species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine |
| Climax Stage | Late Succession stage of a forest dominated by shade tolerant species |
| Aquatic Succession | series of stages involved as a body of water dries up and becomes land |
| Theory of Island Biogeography | theory that demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness: Bigger habitats can be richer in species habitats that are closer to the source are easier to colonize |
Created by:
Nate6