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Unit 3(1-58)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation. A groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects |
| Visible Culture | a visible force seen in a group's actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape. For example, in a large city you can see people working in offices, factories, and stores, and living in high-rise apartments or suburban homes. |
| Invisible Culture | an invisible force guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions |
| Cultural Traits | For example, many people in the United States have developed a strong sense of competitiveness in school and business, and believe that hard work is a key to success. "These types of elements, visible and invisible, are cultural traits. |
| Cultural Complex | A series of interrelated traits, such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures. |
| Taboos | behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture |
| Traditional Culture | term used to encompass all three cultural designations. All three types share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture. |
| Folk Culture | The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change |
| Indigenous Culture | When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language |
| Globalization | specifically refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s. process of intensified interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe has had profound impacts on culture. |
| Popular Culture | When cultural traits—such as clothing, music, movies, and types of businesses—spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups |
| Horizontal diversity | meaning each traditional culture has its own customs and language that makes it distinct from other culture groups. Yet, people people within each group are usually homogeneous, or very similar to each other. |
| Vertical diversity | meaning that modern urban societies are usually heterogeneous, or exhibiting differences, within the society and usually contain numerous multiethnic neighborhoods. |
| Artifacts/Material Culture | consists of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses. |
| Mentifact/Nonmaterial Culture | consist of intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence |
| Sociofacts | ways people organize their society and relate to one another. |
| Placelessness | many modern cultural landscapes exhibit a great deal of homogeneity. |
| Cultural Landscape | The boundaries of a region reflect the human imprint on the environment. The visible reflection of a culture. (a.k.a. Built Environment). Anything built by humans |
| Traditional Architecture | style reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials. |
| Contemporary Architecture | This style uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height. |
| Ethnicity | refers to membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history. |
| Ethnic Enclaves | lusters of people of the same culture—that are often surrounded by people of the dominant culture in the region |
| Gendered Spaces | The concept of gendered spaces or gendered landscapes clarifies the importance of cultural values on the distribution of power in societies. Creates a place for either men or women exclusively, views vary between discrimination or respect. |
| Cultural Regions | determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity. |
| Sacred Places | Many specific places and natural features have religious significance |
| Christian Landscape | Christian churches often feature a tall steeple topped with a cross, as Christians believe Jesus was resurrected after dying on a cross. |
| Hindu Landscape | Hindu temples often have elaborately carved exteriors with multiple manifestations of deities or significant characters. |
| Buddhist Landscape | most Buddhists emphasize meditating and living in harmony with nature. These features of Buddhism are represented in stupas, structures to store important important relics and memorialize events and beliefs. |
| Jewish Landscape | Jews worship in synagogues or temples. Once concentrated in the Middle East, Jews spread throughout the world because of exile or persecution, or through voluntary migration. |
| Diaspora | occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations. |
| Islamic Landscape | In places where Islam is widely practiced, the mosque is the most prominent structure on the landscape and is usually located in the center of town. |
| Shinto Landscape | Shinto, whose cultural hearth is Japan, emphasizes honoring one's ancestors and the relationship between people and nature. impressive gateway, or torii, to mark the transition from the outside world to a sacred space. |
| Charter Group | The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space |
| Ethnic Islands | Ethnic concentrations in rural areas. |
| Ethnic Neighborhoods (Urban) | Ethnic neighborhoods in urban settings are often occupied by migrants who settle in a charter group's former space. |
| Sequent Occupancy | Ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape |
| Neolocalism | the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place |
| Cultural Patterns | consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space. |
| Culture Hearth | where a religion or ethnicity began |
| Regional distribution of religions in the US | Congregationalists in New England. Baptists and Methodists are mainly in the Southeast. Lutherans live in the Midwest. Many Mormons near Utah. Roman Catholics in urban areas in the Northeast and Southwest. Jews, Muslims, and Hindus live in urban areas. |
| Nationality | based on people's connection to a particular countr |
| Centripetal Forces | those that unify a group of people or a region. may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader, or any other unifying aspect of culture. |
| Centrifugal Forces | those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse. |
| Sharia | the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur'an |
| Blue Laws | laws that restrict certain activities, such as the sale of alcohol, on Sunday |
| Food Taboos | prohibitions against eating and drinking certain items |
| Fundamentalism | an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith |
| Theocracies | countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws |
| Ethnocentric | believing their own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures. |
| Cultural Relativism | the concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture. |
| Cultural Appropriation | the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture. |
| Diffusion | spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas |
| Relocation Diffusion | the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. |
| Expansion Diffusion | spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration |
| Contagious Diffusion | occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence. |
| Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion | a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status |
| Stimulus Diffusion | when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait. |
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