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Dorsey CHPT. 11
Dorsey Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the concept of race, as we understand it today, develop in the Western world? | 15th century |
| One-drop rule | is a custom that became enshrined in many state laws around the turn of the 19th century to identity a person's race |
| Max Weber thought that ethnic categories were the result of a(n) _, but he head a(n) _ of race. | subjective belief; essentialist view |
| Racial groups tend to be distinguished by color terms, and different racial groups are associated with different _. | continents |
| The author of the chapter notes that in the U.S., _ has historically mattered much more than _. | race; ethnicity |
| Which of the following statements is accurate regarding race in Brazil? | Siblings can be assigned different race labels |
| Your friend tells you she thinks the constructivist perspective is wrong and that race is a biological fact. which of the following is the best answer to your friend's question? | Individuals have physical characteristics that correspond to instructions in their DNA, but the scientists are following socially constructed rules about race to determine what to look for in the DNA they examine. |
| Someone who was born and raised in Sweden but moves to Japan and takes on the cultural preferences and behaviors of the Japanese people is a person who has | assimilated |
| In the late 19th century, Americans initially viewed new immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe as _. Then, following restrictions on immigrants, the descendants from these groups gradually became seen as _. | separate races; white |
| Which of the following is one of the primary explanations offered in this chapter for why people in different parts of the world think about race differently? | Racial thinking spread around the world due to imperialism, but it changed in each location after combining with local beliefs and prejudices. |
| While shopping with your friend, she whispers to you that she thinks the Japanese are frugal. Which of the following concepts describes her view of Japanese people? | Stereotype |
| The 1790 naturalization law is discussed int he chapter as an example of _. | institutional discrimination |
| Sociologists have shown that _ job applicants with a criminal record are _ to be considered for a job than _ job applicants without a criminal record | white; more likely; black |
| For sociologists, racial prejudice and discrimination are not the result of _, but are instead the result of _. | personality disorders; socialization |
| When applying for a job, applicants with stereotypically "white names" _. | received 50% more follow-up calls than those with stereotypically "black names" |
| Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the income gap between white and nonwhite households over the past half century? | The income gap between whites & nonwhites began to narrow after the civil rights movements, but then in the 1970s it leveled off. |
| Which group has the highest rate of educational attainment in the U.S.? | Asian Americans |
| Which of the following refers to a policy developed in the late 1960s to ensure that minority-owned businesses have equal opportunities to compete for government contracts with more established white-owned firms? | Affirmative action |
| Compared with middle-class white families, middle-class black families are _ to live near poor neighborhoods. | more likely |
| Which of the following is discussed in the chapter as an obstacle that continues to prevent African Americans & Latinos from exercising their voting rights? | a disproportionate number of African Americans and Latinos are denied their voting rights because of laws that disenfranchise convicted felons |
| Which of the following categories refer to an ethnic group, according to the U.S. census? | Hispanic |
| Some sociologists have argued that the color line in the U.S. separating whites from nonwhites, is not disappearing; rather, What term sociologists use to refer to this hypothetical group of nonblacks? | the Beige majority |
| When did the Supreme Court strike down all state laws banning interracial marriage? | the 1960s |
| Between 1980-2010, the percentage of newlyweds married to someone of a different race or ethnicity _. | more than doubled |
| In contrast to a TIME magazine cover, which suggested multiracial people began emerging in the U.S. during the 1990s, the author of this chapter points out that multiracial people have existed in this part of the world since _. | the 1630s |
| Based on demographic data, which racial group is projected to fall as a share of U.S. population? | whites |
| The official government racial & ethnic categories on the census have changed with almost every census throughout American history. Which of the following is the only category to have been consistently named on the census throughout U.S. history? | White |
| What term refers to a system for classifying people based on perceived physical or biological similarities? | Race |
| refer(s) to the negative beliefs, feelings, or attitudes held about entire groups and is/are based on_. | Prejudice; stereotypes |
| What concept refers to unearned benefits white enjoy, including having higher average earnings, more employment opportunities, and less likelihood of begin arrested? | White privilege |
| What statement accurately describes implicit prejudice? | Implicit prejudice refers to the fact that people are unconsciously influenced by racial stereotypes. |
| What accurately characterizes what researchers of mass media have noted about racial prejudice? | Although media representation has become more positive in recent decades, racial minorities are still more likely to be portrayed with negative or demeaning characteristics. |
| What statement explains why rates of criminal convictions are relatively high among African Americans? | The war on drugs has disproportionately criminalized African Americans. Despite using illicit drugs at approximately the same rate as whites, African Americans have been more likely to be arrested and convicted for drug-related crimes. |
| What's the best definition of racial discrimination? | Racial discrimination refers to any behavior, practice or policy that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership. |
| What is presented in the chapter as a theory about why white Americans adopted the one-drop rule as a way of determining whether mixed-race people are white or black? | What is presented in the chapter as a theory about why white Americans adopted the one-drop rule as a way of determining whether mixed-race people are white or black? |
| For sociologists, the term racism includes two fundamental components: _ and | discrimination; prejudice |
| What is an instrument of change that relies on explicit awareness of race in order to promote equality? | Affirmative action |
| have the highest median household income among all racial groups in the U.S. | Asian Americans |
| What does the author of the chapter mean when she points out that racial differentials in key socioeconomic outcomes are usually much wider today than the gaps between ethnic groups? | Being white rather than black makes a bigger difference than being Swedish rather than Polish. |
| ethnicity | A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent based on perceived cultural similarities. |
| essentialism | The view that members of a group share a fundamental, inherited, innate, and fixed quality or characteristic. |
| one-drop rule | Enshrined in many state laws in the United States around the turn of the nineteenth century, this method of racial classification defined any individual with any African ancestry as black even a small drop |
| race | A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent based on perceived innate physical similarities. |
| social construct | A social phenomenon (for example, a belief, discourse, or category) that was invented by individuals and is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of its creation. |
| assimilation | The process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on the cultural tastes and practices of the new society. |
| constructivism | The view that social categories such as race or gender are social creations, not biological facts. |
| stereotype | Simplified and often negative generalizations about a group (such as, women or men) that are often false or exaggerated. Stereotypes are most often negative, although positive stereotypes can sometimes be found. |
| racism | Prejudice against individuals who are members of particular racial or ethnic groups, often drawing on negative stereotypes about the group. |
| individual discrimination | Intentional action carried out by an individual or small group that is meant to harm, exclude, or disadvantage members of a certain group. |
| discrimination | Any behavior, practice, or policy that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership. |
| lynching | The killing of someone by a group, without a trial or due process, for some specified behavior. |
| genocide | The deliberate and systematic killing of a category of people. |
| institutional discrimination | Occurs when the actions or policies of organizations or social institutions exclude, disadvantage, or harm members of particular groups |
| implicit prejudice or bias | Prejudice based on stereotypes that can be activated without an individual's being consciously aware of holding them. |
| prejudice | Negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire groups based on subjective, selective, or inaccurate information. They lead to "prejudgment" of the individuals associated with stigmatized groups. |
| affirmative action | Government policies regarding employment and education that seek to increase the representation of minorities and women in fields from which they have historically been excluded. |
| white privilege | A concept that refers to the advantages of being white versus non-white. White Americans, on average, have higher earnings, greater freedom to choose whereto live, and etc. |
| ghetto | A poor, isolated neighborhood, often formed as the result of residential segregation in which a poor or low-status racial, ethnic, or religious group is compelled to live in the same place. |
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