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Grade 10 Chemistry

TermDefinition
Chemical Properties Examples Reactivity, flammability, toxicity
Physical Properties Examples Boiling point, state, colour, solubility, malleability
Chemical Change Examples Apple slice turns yellow, iron, rust, baking soda react with vinegar
Physical Change Examples Ice melts, an apple is cut
Mixtures Contains more than 1 types of particles, can be separated by physical means, variable composition, melting/boiling points are a range of temperature
Pure Substances Contains only one kind of particle, constant composition, specific melting/boiling point
Homogenous (one phase) Mixtures May be made up of liquids, solids or gases
Heterogeneous (two phases) Mixtures Particles don't mix well with one another and you see more than one substance
Elements Pure substance which can not be broken down into simpler substances
Compounds Pure substances that contain 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion
Chemical Properties Indicates how a substance reacts with something else and matter will be changes into a new substance after the reaction
Physical Properties Observed with sense and determined without destroying matter
Chemical Changes A change in the physical and chemical properties. A new substance is formed
Physical Change A change in size, shape, state. No new substance is formed
Neutron No net electric charge and a mass slightly greater than 1 atomic mass unit, located in the nucleus.
Proton Positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit, located in the nucleus
Electron Electric charge is -1e elementary charge and a negligible mass, located in orbits surrounding the nucleus
Atom The atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a nutreal atom, atomic # = # of protons + # of neutrons
Isotopes Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. They have very similar chemical properties, but different atomic masses.
Ions An atom that has become charged by gaining or losing electrons. Atoms will tend to gain or lose electrons to become ions such that they have their outer shell filled.
The Octet Rule When atoms form ions or combine in compounds they obtain electron configurations of the nearest noble gas (usually this means that there will be 8 outer electrons).
Positive Ions Atoms that lose electrons will take on a positive charge.
Another Name For Positive Ions Cat-Ion
Negative Ions Atoms that gain electrons will take on a negative charge
Another Name For Negative Ions Anion
Ionic Compound Formed between cations and anions, so both will have valence shell full. Various members of ions will be chosen to form ionic compounds, because the charges have to be balanced out.
Naming Cation Name the element + the word 'ion'
Naming Anion Switch the ending with 'ide' + the word 'ion'
Examples of Named Cation Lithium Ion or Calcium Ion
Examples of Named Anion Sulfide Ion or Nitride Ion
Binary Ionic Compound Made up by only 2 types of elements
Example of Binary Compound CaO
Naming Binary Ionic Compound Name cation + Name anion
Examples of Naming Binary Ionic Compound Sodium Sulfide, Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Nitride
Multivalent Transition Metal Many transition metals are multivalent, that means they can have different charges. They can often make more than one type of Cation. Different ions lead to chemical compounds with very different properties.
Naming Multivalent Ionic Compound It is necessary to specify the charge (Roman numerals?)
Created by: humclaren
 

 



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