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Chapter 6
Lymphatic and immune systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anti- | against |
| carcin/o | canerous |
| immun/o | potected |
| lymph/o | lymph, lymphatic tissue |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland |
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel |
| neo-, ne/o | new, strange |
| -oma | tumor, neoplasm |
| onc/o | tumor |
| phag/o | eat, swallow |
| -plasm | formative material of cells |
| sarc/o | flesh, connective tissue |
| splen/o | spleen |
| -tic | pertaining to |
| tox/o | poison poisonous |
| allergist | specializes in diagnosiing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions |
| immunologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system |
| oncologist | is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer |
| lacteals | which are specialized structures of the lymphatic system |
| lymphatic circulation | transporsts lymph from tissues throughout the body and eventually returns this fluid tothe venous circulation |
| lymph | is a clear, watery fluid that transports waste products and proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues. |
| interstitial fluid | is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries and into the spaces between the cells. |
| lymphatic capillaries | are microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body |
| cervical lymph nodes | are located along the sides of the neck |
| axillary lymph nodes | are located under the arms in the area known as the armpits |
| inguinal lymph nodes | are located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen |
| tonsils | are three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat |
| palatine tonsils | are located on the lift and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible through the mouth. |
| lingual tonsils | are located at the base of the tongue. |
| thymus | is located superior to the heart.it is an endocrine gland that assists the immune system |
| peyer's patches | are located on the walls f the ileum. |
| Vermiform appendix | hangs from the lower portion of the cecum |
| spleen | is a saclike mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach |
| hemolytic | function of destroying worn-out red blood cells and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse |
| lymphadenitis | is an inflammation of the lymph nodes. known as swollen glands |
| lymphadenopathy | is any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes |
| lymphangioma | is a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system |
| splenomegaly | is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen |
| splenorrhagia | is bleeding from the spleen |
| lymphoscintigraphy | is a diagnostic test that is preformed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels |
| lymphedema | is swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues |
| primary lymphedema | is a hereditary disorder due to malformation of the lymphatic system causes swelling if feet and legs |
| secondary lymphedema | is caused by damage to the lymphatic system that most commonly produces swelling in the limb nearest the damaged lymphatic vessels. cancer treatment or trauma are the most frequent causes. |
| intact skin | wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body. |
| respiratory system | traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system. |
| digestive system | uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food. |
| antigen-antibody reaction | involves binding antigens to antibodies.this reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. |
| antigen | is any substance that the body regards as being foreign, and includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues. |
| allergen | is a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual |
| antibody | is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen |
| immunoglobulins | bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. |
| plasma cells | are specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens |
| lymphocytes | are white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells |
| B cells | produce and secrete antibodies |
| dendritic cells | are specialized white blood cells that batrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. |
| T cells | mature in the thymus. coordinate immune defenses and by killing infected cells on ontact |
| interferon | is a family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication |
| lymphokines | are produced by the t cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system. |
| macrophage | is a type of white blood cell that surrounds an kills invading cells |
| phagocyte | is a large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis |
| complement | is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria |
| Immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease. |
| allergic reaction | occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader |
| allergy | is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen |
| localized allergic response | redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen., |
| anaphylaxis (systemic reaction) | is a severe response to an allergen. without medical aid the patient can die within a few minutes |
| scratch test | is a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed. |
| antihistamines | are medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever. |
| autoimmune disorder | is any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues. |
| immunodeficiency disorder | occurs when the immune response is compromised. |
| human immunodeficiency virus | HIV. is a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kill the cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many lifethreatening opportunistic infections. |
| opportunistic infection | is caused by a pathogen that does no normally producean illness in healthy humans |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | AIDS is the most advanced and fatal stage of HIV infection |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | is an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs. |
| ELISA | is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| Western blot test | is a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA. performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the elisa test are positive. |
| Immunotherapy | is a disease treatment that involves ither stimulating or repressing the immune response. |
| Synthetic immunoglobulins | are used as a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses. |
| synthetic interferon | is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C and some cancers |
| monoclonal antibodies | are any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboatory by indentical offspring of a clone of specific cells. are used to enhance the patient's immune response to certain malignancies. |
| immunosuppression | is treatment to reprss or interfere with the ability f the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens |
| immunosuppressant | is a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response. prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress qutoimmune disorders |
| corticosteroid drug | is a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant. |
| cytotoxic drug | is a medication that kills or damages cells. |
| pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans. |
| bacteria | are one-celled microscopic organisms. |
| bacilli | are rod-shaped spore forming bacteria. transmitted through a cut or wound. |
| rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks and mites |
| rocky mountain spotted fever | is caused by rickettsia and is transmitted to humans by the bit of an infected tick. |
| spirochetes | are spirl shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement. |
| lyme disease | is caused by the spirochete and is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected deer tick. if left untreated cand spread to joints heart and nervous system |
| staphylococci | are a goup of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. some are harmless other are not |
| staphylococcus aureus | is a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning. |
| streptococci | are bacteria that form a chain. many species are hamless; however, other members of this group are responsible for illness including strep throat meningitis |
| septic shock | is a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. |
| Antbiotic resistant bacteria | develop when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. when this occurs the surviving bacteria become resistant to that particular drug. |
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus | MRSA is resistant to most antibiotics. |
| fungus | is a simple parasitic organism |
| tinea pedis | athlete's foot is a fungal infection that commonly develops between the toes and on feet. |
| yeast | is a type of fungus candidiasis; yeast infection or thrush occur on the skin or mucous membranes in the warm moist areas such as the vagina or mouth |
| parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism. |
| malaria | is a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes that is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. |
| toxoplasmosis | which is most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces. |
| viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells |
| herpes zoster | which is also known as shingles is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve. |
| infectious mononucleosis | known as mono is caused by the epstein barr virus (EBV) This condition is characterized by fever a sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes. |
| Measles | is an acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rebeola virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets. |
| Mumps | is an acute viral disease characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which ar ethe salivary glands located just in front of the ears. |
| Rebella | is a viral infection characterized by a low grade fever, swollen glands inflamed eyes and a fine pink rash. |
| rabies | is an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal. |
| Varicella | is caused by the herbes virus and is highly contagious. chickenpox |
| West nile virus | is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | is a member of the herpesvirus family that cause a variety of diseases |
| Antibiotics | are medications that are capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms |
| antifungal | is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi |
| antiviral drug | is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity |
| Oncology | is the study of the prevention causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer. |
| tumor | is a growth of tissue that forms an abnormal mass. |
| benign tumor | is a noncancerous growth |
| malignant tumor | is harful capable of spreading to distant body sites including other body system can become progressively worse and is progressively life threatening. |
| angiogenesis | is the process through which the tumor supports it growth by creating its own blood supply |
| Antiangiogenesis | is a form of treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor |
| cancer | is a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing |
| metastasize | is the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another. |
| metastasis | is a new cancer site that results from the spreading process |
| carcinoma | is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue |
| carcinoma in situ | describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues |
| adenocarcinoma | is any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue |
| sarcoma | is malignant tumor that arrises from connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues, and liquid tissues |
| osteosarcoma | is a malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or kne |
| synovial sarcoma | is a mlignat tumor of the tissur surrounding a synovial joint, knee ankle shoulder hip |
| staging | is the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis. |
| lymphoma | is a general term applied to malignancies affection lymphoid tissues |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | is distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes know as reed-sternberg cells |
| non Hodgkin's lymphoma | is the term used to describe all lymphomas other than hodgkins lymphoma |
| breast cancer | is a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymphnodes and other body sites. |
| ductal carcinoma in situ | is breast cancer at its earlies stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. |
| infiltrating ductal carcinoma | starts in the milk duct, breaksthrough the wall of that duct,and invades the fatty breast tissue. accounts for all of the majority of breast cancers |
| infiltrating lobular carcinoma | is cancer that starts in the milk glands breaks through the wall of the gland and invades the fatty tissue of the breast. |
| inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) | is the most aggressive and least common form of breast cancer |
| male breast cancer | can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present inment. |
| breast self-examination | is an essential self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. |
| professional palpation of the breast | is preformed to feel the texture, size and consistency of the breast |
| mammography | is a radiographic examination of the reasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells |
| surgical biopsy | is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confir or establish a diagnosis |
| Needle breast biopsy | is a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast |
| sentinel-node biopsy | after the sentinel lymph node has been identified only this and the other affected nodes are removed for biopsy |
| lymph node dissection | is a surgical procedure in which all fo the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer. |
| lumpectomy | is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue |
| mastectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple |
| modified radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm |
| radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues. |
| chemotherapy | is the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues |
| chemoprevention | is the use of natural o synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer, or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. |
| antineoplastic | is medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells |
| radiation therapy | is used in the treatment of some cancers, with the goal of destroying the cancer while sparing healthy tissues |
| brachytherapy | is the use of radioactive materials incontact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated |
| teletherapy | is radiation therapy adminstered at a distance from the body |
| adjuvant therapy | is used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur. |
| targeted therapy | is a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. |
| A,Ab | antibody |
| AG,Ag | antigen |
| CA,Ca | carcinoma |
| CIS | carcinoma in situ |
| DCIS | ductal carcinoma in situ |
| HZ | herpes zoster |
| HL | Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| IG | immunoglobulin |
| LE | lymphedema |
| MET | metastasis |
| met | metastasize |
| NHL | non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
| Rick | rickettsia |
| VSZ | varicella |
Created by:
libb39