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Biology Quiz 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chiasmata | (singular, chiasma) the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged |
| synapsis | formation of a close association between homologous chromosomes during prophase I |
| synaptonemal complex | protein lattice that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, supporting crossover |
| tetrad | two duplicated homologous chromosomes (four chromatids) bound together by chiasmata during prophase I |
| cohesin | proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together at their centromeres until anaphase II of meiosis |
| recombination nodules | protein assemblies formed on the synaptonemal complex that mark the points of crossover events and mediate the multistep process of genetic recombination between nonsister chromatids |
| reduction division | nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division |
| somatic cell | all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells |
| sporophyte | a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores by meiosis |
| life cycle | the sequence of events in the development of an organism and the production of cells that produce offspring |
| meiosis II | second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid cells |
| meiosis | a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells |
| meiosis I | first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid |
| crossover | exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism |
| fertilization | union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms |
| gametophyte | a multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes |
| germ cells | specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm |
| interkinesis | (also, interphase II) brief period of rest between meiosis I and meiosis II |
| When chiasmata can first be seen in cells using a microscope, which of the following processes has most likely occurred? | prophase I |
| Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? | synapsis of chromosomes |
| Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity contributes to the evolution of populations of organisms. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? | Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms. |
| In eukaryotes, genetic info is passed to the next gen by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the following explanations correctly identifies the process and supports the claim that heritable info is passed from one gen to another? | In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. |
| Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? | the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I |
| If a cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its genetic contents? | It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis |
| The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species? | crossing over and random fertilization |
| Which of the following processes occurs when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis I? | Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. |
| During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell? | metaphase I of meiosis |
| Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal? | Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells |
| Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? | two |
| Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? | mitosis |
| During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? | during both mitosis and meiosis II |
| How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? | The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? | It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes |
| Which of the following statements defines a genome? | the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences |
| Which of the following characteristics do homologous chromosomes exhibit? | They carry information for the same traits |
| Which of the following processes might produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes? | an error during anaphase of meiosis occurring in either an egg or sperm |
| A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a diploid species that normally has 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following sets of chromosomes? | 63 chromosomes in 3 sets of 21 chromosomes |
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fratbrotori