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Organic Chemistry
Unit 2 study cards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrocarbon properties | non polar, low solubility in polar compounds, only have london forces so low Bp/Mp, more likely to be solids as chains get longer because london forces increase. |
| combustion reaction | alkane/alcohol + O2 --> CO2 + H2O, no catalyst |
| Substitution with halogens | ex. alkane + halogen --> halogen-alkane + hydrogen halide, heat or UV |
| Halogenation | alkene/alkyne + halogen --> 2-halogen-alkane/alkene, no catalyst |
| Hydrogenation alkenes/alkynes | alkene/alkyne + hydrogen gas --> alkane/alkene, platinum metal |
| Hydrohalogenation | alkene/alkyne + hydrogen halides --> halogen-alkane/alkene, no catalyst |
| Hydration | alkene/alkyne + water --> alcohol, H2SO4 |
| Alcohol properties | non-polar, the longer the chain the more polar they are, have the capacity to form H-bonds, have higher Mp/Bp cuz of that. |
| Alcohol elimination reaction | alcohol --> alkene + water, concentrated H2SO4 |
| Aldehydes and ketones properties | Polar, less soluble in water than alcohols cuz no OH so no H-bonds, but have the C=O so are more soluble than hydrocarbons and ethers. |
| Oxidation aldehyde reaction | primary alcohol + [O] --> water + aldehyde, no catalyst |
| Hydrogenation aldehyde reaction | aldehyde + hydrogen gas --> alcohol, pressure and heat |
| Oxidation ketone reaction | alcohol + [O] --> ketone + water, no catalyst |
| Carboxylic acid properties | C=O and -OH makes it polar, soluble in water, are acids with low pH's |
| Oxidation Carboxylic acid reaction | Aldehyde + [O] --> carboxylic acid, no catalyst |
| Ester properties | non-polar, R-O instead of -OH makes esters less polar than carboxylic acids and alcohols but more polar than ethers and hydrocarbons, less soluble in water cuz less polar, not acidic. |
| Esterification reaction | carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ester + water, H2SO4 |
| Hydrolysis/saponification reaction | ester + OH-base(aq) --> alcohol + R-(C=O)-O(negatively charged) (metal that is positively charged) |
| Amine properties | small amines are polar cuz N-H, higher Mp/Bp but this decreases as they grow, basic about 8 pH |
| Amine reactions | 1: alkyl halide + ammonia --> primary amine + hydrogen halide 2: alkyl halide + primary amine --> secondary amine + hydrogen halide 3: alkyl halide + secondary amine --> tertiary amine + hydrogen halide |
| Amide properties | weak bases, smaller amides are polar, the larger they are the less polar they are, amides with max N-H have high Mp/Bp |
| Condensation reaction | alcohol + amine --> water + amide |
| Ether properties | polar cuz of C-O bond, low Bp/Mp compared to other organic compounds, high solubility in water |
| halogen-alkane + OH elimination reaction | halogen-alkane + OH --> alkene + water + singular halogen atom, no catalyst |
| cycloalkane reactions | cycloalkane + halogen --> halogen-cycloalkane + halogenic acid, heat or UV Cycloalkene + halogen --> 2-halogen-cycloalkane, no catalyst |
| Aromatic reaction | benzene + halogen --> halogen-benzene + halogenic acid, FeBr3 |
| Order of polarity of the organic molecules, Most to least | Carboxylic acid, alcohol, esters, aldehydes/ketones, ethers, hydrocarbons |
| When there is multiple functional groups in one compound... | carbonyl becomes oxo, alcohol becomes hydroxy, and carboxylic acid is the main one so the ending would be prefixic acid |
| what is benzene with an OH group called? | Phenol |
| what does saturated mean? | only has single bonds so has the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible (only alkanes are saterated) |
| what do you call a benzene ring ether side group? | Phenoxy |
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