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Lueken Bio Exam

Friday 2022

QuestionAnswer
Carbohydrate elements CHO with 1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrate function 1. short term energy 2. structure cell wall of plants and exoskeletons of animals
Carbohydrate monomer Monosaccharide
What biomolecule are these? glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, glycogen, starch... Carbohydrate biomolecule
-OH biomolecule Carbohydrate functional group
Lipid elements CHO with 1:2:very few ratio
Lipids function 1. long term energy 2. Insulation 3. Cushions organs
Lipid monomer Triglyceride
What biomolecule are fats, oils, waxes, and steriods? Lipids
-CH3 biomolecule Lipids functional group
Protein elements CHON
Protein function 1. structure and support 2. transportation 3. communication (receptors) 4. speed up chemical reactions
Protein monomer amino acids
What biomolecule are collagen, hemoglobin, and keratin? Protein biomolecule
-NH2 amino group molecule and -COOH carboxyl group Protein functional group
Nucleic acid elements CHONP
nucleic acid functions store and transmit instructions for living organisms
nucleic acid monomer nucleotide
what biomolecule are dna and rna nucleic acid biomolecule
-PO4 biomolecule nucleic acid functional group
organic compounds must have carbon covalently bonded to hydrogen
carbon valence 4
individual electrons shared in a single covalent bond 2
individual electrons shared in a double covalent bond 4
individual electrons shared in a triple covalent bond 6
-OH hydroxide
-CH3 methyl
-PO4 phosphate
-COOH carboxyl group
-OH property basic
molecule possessing -OH group alcohol
substances/molecules largest to smallest macromolecule, polymer, monomer, atom
monomers combine to form polymers dehydration synthesis (take away H20)
polymers breakdown to form monomers hydrolysis reactions (add H2O)
process forming water condensation reaction
energy molecule that drives chemical reactions ATP
ATP phosphate groups 3
ATP adenosine triphosphate
ATP max removable phosphate groups 2
ATP loses 1 phosphate group ADP
ADP adenosine diphosphate
ATO loses 2 phosphate groups AMP
AMP adenosine monophosphate
most stable energy molecule (no energy left) AMP
4 major macromolecule classes 1. carbs 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids
types of carbs largest to smallest (saccharides) polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide
monosaccharide examples 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. galactose
how monosaccharides are identified checking 1:2:1 ratio
glucose C6H12O6
molecules sharing glucose formula 1. galactose 2. fructose
isomer same molecular formula but different structural formula
mono one
di two
poly many
sucrose fructose+glucose
maltose glucose+glucose
lactose glucose+galactose
polysaccharide stored by plants starch
polysaccharide stored by animals glycogen
molecule with 2 amino acids dipeptide
molecule with many amino acids polypeptide
molecule made of many polypeptides protein
enzyme functions 1. speed up reaction 2. decrease activation energy 3. act as catalysts
molecule acted on by enzymes substrates
T or F enzymes are reusable True
lipids have in common nonpolar
lipids make good fuel source composed of many carbon-hydrogen bonds
fatty acid head 1. carboxyl group 2. polar 3. hydrophilic
fatty acid tail 1. hydrocarbon 2. nonpolar 3. hydrophobic
saturated fats 1. solid at room temp 2. carbon bonds to all 4 atoms
unsaturated fats 1. liquid at room temp 2. carbon bonded to less than 4 atoms 3. bends molecule 4. c=c
two lipids making up cell membrane 1. phospholipids 2. sterols
wax in plants function protective barrier against environment/water
wax in animals function prevents water from sticking on fur/animal surfaces
lipid composed of 4 carbon rings steriods
dna stores info inside 4 bases of nucleic acids
monomers of dna or rna nucleotides
3 parts of nucleotides 1. phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose sugar) 3. nitrogen base
nucleic acid bases (4) 1. thymine 2. cytosine 3. guanine 4. adenine
NH2 amine
Starch function storage in plants
glycogen function storage in animals
cellulose location in plants
cellulose function support in plants
chitin location in animals
chitin function support in animals
saturated fat bond without double covalent bond
unsaturated with double covalent bond (c=c)
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