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Lueken Bio Exam
Friday 2022
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Carbohydrate elements | CHO with 1:2:1 ratio |
Carbohydrate function | 1. short term energy 2. structure cell wall of plants and exoskeletons of animals |
Carbohydrate monomer | Monosaccharide |
What biomolecule are these? glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, glycogen, starch... | Carbohydrate biomolecule |
-OH biomolecule | Carbohydrate functional group |
Lipid elements | CHO with 1:2:very few ratio |
Lipids function | 1. long term energy 2. Insulation 3. Cushions organs |
Lipid monomer | Triglyceride |
What biomolecule are fats, oils, waxes, and steriods? | Lipids |
-CH3 biomolecule | Lipids functional group |
Protein elements | CHON |
Protein function | 1. structure and support 2. transportation 3. communication (receptors) 4. speed up chemical reactions |
Protein monomer | amino acids |
What biomolecule are collagen, hemoglobin, and keratin? | Protein biomolecule |
-NH2 amino group molecule and -COOH carboxyl group | Protein functional group |
Nucleic acid elements | CHONP |
nucleic acid functions | store and transmit instructions for living organisms |
nucleic acid monomer | nucleotide |
what biomolecule are dna and rna | nucleic acid biomolecule |
-PO4 biomolecule | nucleic acid functional group |
organic compounds | must have carbon covalently bonded to hydrogen |
carbon valence | 4 |
individual electrons shared in a single covalent bond | 2 |
individual electrons shared in a double covalent bond | 4 |
individual electrons shared in a triple covalent bond | 6 |
-OH | hydroxide |
-CH3 | methyl |
-PO4 | phosphate |
-COOH | carboxyl group |
-OH property | basic |
molecule possessing -OH group | alcohol |
substances/molecules largest to smallest | macromolecule, polymer, monomer, atom |
monomers combine to form polymers | dehydration synthesis (take away H20) |
polymers breakdown to form monomers | hydrolysis reactions (add H2O) |
process forming water | condensation reaction |
energy molecule that drives chemical reactions | ATP |
ATP phosphate groups | 3 |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
ATP max removable phosphate groups | 2 |
ATP loses 1 phosphate group | ADP |
ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
ATO loses 2 phosphate groups | AMP |
AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
most stable energy molecule (no energy left) | AMP |
4 major macromolecule classes | 1. carbs 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids |
types of carbs largest to smallest (saccharides) | polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide |
monosaccharide examples | 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. galactose |
how monosaccharides are identified | checking 1:2:1 ratio |
glucose | C6H12O6 |
molecules sharing glucose formula | 1. galactose 2. fructose |
isomer | same molecular formula but different structural formula |
mono | one |
di | two |
poly | many |
sucrose | fructose+glucose |
maltose | glucose+glucose |
lactose | glucose+galactose |
polysaccharide stored by plants | starch |
polysaccharide stored by animals | glycogen |
molecule with 2 amino acids | dipeptide |
molecule with many amino acids | polypeptide |
molecule made of many polypeptides | protein |
enzyme functions | 1. speed up reaction 2. decrease activation energy 3. act as catalysts |
molecule acted on by enzymes | substrates |
T or F enzymes are reusable | True |
lipids have in common | nonpolar |
lipids make good fuel source | composed of many carbon-hydrogen bonds |
fatty acid head | 1. carboxyl group 2. polar 3. hydrophilic |
fatty acid tail | 1. hydrocarbon 2. nonpolar 3. hydrophobic |
saturated fats | 1. solid at room temp 2. carbon bonds to all 4 atoms |
unsaturated fats | 1. liquid at room temp 2. carbon bonded to less than 4 atoms 3. bends molecule 4. c=c |
two lipids making up cell membrane | 1. phospholipids 2. sterols |
wax in plants function | protective barrier against environment/water |
wax in animals function | prevents water from sticking on fur/animal surfaces |
lipid composed of 4 carbon rings | steriods |
dna stores info | inside 4 bases of nucleic acids |
monomers of dna or rna | nucleotides |
3 parts of nucleotides | 1. phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose sugar) 3. nitrogen base |
nucleic acid bases (4) | 1. thymine 2. cytosine 3. guanine 4. adenine |
NH2 | amine |
Starch function | storage in plants |
glycogen function | storage in animals |
cellulose location | in plants |
cellulose function | support in plants |
chitin location | in animals |
chitin function | support in animals |
saturated fat bond | without double covalent bond |
unsaturated | with double covalent bond (c=c) |