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Biology Quiz 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anaphase | stage of mitosis during which sister chrom atids are separated from each other |
| telophase | stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope |
| tumor suppressor gene | segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division |
| septum | structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells |
| binary fission | prokaryotic cell division process |
| quiescent | refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division |
| retinoblastoma protein (Rb) | regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F) |
| S phase | second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs |
| prophase | stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form |
| proto-oncogene | normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene |
| cell cycle | ordered series of events through which a cell passes between one division and the next, resulting in two daughter cells |
| p21 | cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53 |
| p53 | cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis |
| prometaphase | stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores |
| nucleosome | subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins |
| oncogene | mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle |
| origin | (also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication) |
| cell plate | structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells |
| mitosis | (also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| mitotic phase | period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis |
| mitotic spindle | apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
| locus | position of a gene on a chromosome |
| metaphase | stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate |
| metaphase plate | equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase |
| cell-cycle checkpoint | mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages |
| centriole | rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome |
| centromere | region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes |
| chromatid | single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions) |
| karyokinesis | mitotic nuclear division |
| kinetochore | protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase |
| histone | one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent |
| cleavage furrow | constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division |
| condensin | proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase |
| cyclin | one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle |
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) | one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells. |
| G2 phase | (also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis |
| gamete | haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg) |
| gene | physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein. |
| genome | total genetic information of a cell or organism |
| haploid | cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n) |
| diploid | cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) |
| FtsZ | tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) |
| G0 phase | distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide |
| G1 phase | (also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of which of the following macromolecules? | DNA and proteins |
| How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis? | Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate; animal cells form a cleavage furrow. |
| In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n = 10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis? | 20 |
| Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents which of the following events in mitosis and cell division? | shortening of microtubules |
| Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of six cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? | 64 |
| Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely ________. | a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis |
| Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle? | replication of the DNA |
| G1 is associated with which of the following cellular events? | normal growth and cell function |
| What is the name of the microtubule-organizing center found in animal cells as an identifiable structure present during all phases of the cell cycle? | centrosome |
| The M phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. If this does not happen, cells would most likely be arrested in ________. | metaphase |
| Besides the ability of some cancer cells to over proliferate, which of the following situations might logically result in a tumor? | lack of appropriate cell death |
| For a chemotherapeutic drug to be useful for treating cancer cells, which of the following characteristics is most desirable? | It specifically inhibits rapidly dividing cells. |
| At which phase of the cell cycle do centrioles begin to move apart in animal cells? | prophase |
| If there are 40 centromeres in a cell at anaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? | 20 |
| If a cell at metaphase of mitosis contains 20 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes will be present in a G1 cell? | 10 |
| The beginning of anaphase is indicated by which of the following processes? | Enzymatic cleavage of cohesin. |
| During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes? | anaphase |
| In the cells of many eukaryotic species, the nuclear envelope has to disappear to permit which of the following events in the cell cycle? | attachment of microtubules to kinetochores |
| Metaphase is characterized by ________. | alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell |
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fratbrotori