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UNIT ONE TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When was the Gilded Age? | Between the end of civil war and start of spanish american war |
| Summarize the Gilded Age | The US was biggest economy at the time. The captains of industry controlled large businesses, created great fortunes / wealth, and lived in palaces. |
| What was some economic change during this time? | Expanding railroads, steamships, steel and inventions, like telegraphs |
| What was some political change during this time? | government policies that protected property rights, refrained from regulating business operations, sheltered domestic manufacturers with high tariffs, and subsidized railroads with land grants / loans |
| What was some reform effects during this time? | - Farmers and unfair railroad rates / banking practices - Workers fought for higher wages and the right to organize |
| Where was the Union Pacific from? | Omaha and Nebraska |
| Where was the Central Pacific from? | California |
| What were transcontinental railroads? | Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of railroads |
| Why transcontinental railroads? | - Government got lower rates for postal services / military traffic - Cheap way to subsidize railroads - Increase value of government’s lands - Encouraged Americans to move west |
| Negative effects of transcontinental rails | - PRICEY - Proved failures within businesses - Built by few customers and no profit return - Damaged the environment - Destruction to Indians way of life - Ended “open range” |
| Positive effects of transcontinental rails | - Brought unity between states - Huge demand for steel - Bloom in mining / farming - Increased population in West - Increased immigration from Asia to Europe |
| How did the transcontinental railroad network provide the basis for the great post-Civil War industrial transformation? | - Liquid Capital money becoming available (Europe) - Natural resources are more plentiful; coal, iron, oil, etc. - Immigration provides supply of cheap labor - Inventions enable mass production |
| What was the homestead act? | An act that encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of 5 years. |
| What was the National Grange Movement? | A social and educational organization for farmers and their families |
| How did farmers express their unhappiness? | By forming state and regional groups known as farmers’ alliance which was basically a political party with both poor white and black farmers. |
| What was the Ocala Platform? | An organization of farmers who went to Florida to address the problems of American farmers (focused on increasing power of voter) - called for lower tariff rates, graduated income tax, new banking system, and direct election of US senators. |
| More important things to know regarding Ocala Platform | - Demanded treasury notes and silver to be used to increase money in circulation - Farmers wanted to increase supply of money to create inflation to raise crop prices. - Platform proposed federal storage for crops and federal loans. |
| What was the frontier? | Oklahoma territory that was set aside for American Indians until 1890 when Bureau declared the entire frontier had been settled |
| What is Turner's Frontier Thesis? | An essay saying the settling of the frontier was an evolutionary process of building civilization |
| What was the frontier seen as? | A safety value for releasing unhappiness in American society |
| Where did American Indians belong? | Different cultural and tribal groups. |
| How much of western tribal groups lived on the Great Plains? | 2/3 |
| Why was there issues with the American Indians and Government? | White Americans had no understanding of Plain peoples’ tribal organization and lifestyle. |
| What was the Reservation Policy? | To move eastern American Indians to the West, this was a fail. |
| What was the Indian War? | American Indian Lands led to violence because of the settlement of miners, ranchers, and miners on their land. |
| What happened at Little BigHorn? | Custer’s command was attacked |
| What was the last effort for American Indians to resist government controls? | The Ghost Dance |
| What was the Wounded Knee? | The U.S. gunned down more than 200 American Indians. |
| What was the Dawe's Act? | A relationship between the U.S government and American Indians |
| What did the Dawe's Act accomplish? | Trying to break up tribal organizations. |
| Who were tenant farmers? | Farmers who rented land |
| Who were sharecroppers? | Farmers who paid for use of land with a share of the crop |
| What were white supremacists? | People who supported treating African Americans as bad people and separating them. |
| Who was Henry Grandy? | An editor who wrote about the New South emerging the late 19th century |
| What were the segregation laws in the South? | Jim Crow Laws |
| Who was Booker T Washington? | A civil rights leader who stressed African Americans should work within the system to improve economic position |
| What was Plessy VS Ferguson? | A ruling that established the precedent of “separate but equal” |
| Who was WEB Du Bois? | A civil rights activist who called for an immediate end to segregation and immediate equal rights |
| What did Ida B Wells do? | Spoke up against lynching and Jim Crow Laws |
| What was the Atlanta Compromise? | Idea that both black and white southerners had to work together to make the south better |
| What did Henry Bessemer invent? | Blasting air through molten iron produced high quality steel |
| Who is the father of electricity? | Thomas Edison |
| What did George Westinghouse invent? | An air brace for railroads and transformer for producing high voltage alternating current |
| RAILROADS | VANDERBILT |
| STEEL | CARNENGIE |
| OIL | ROCKEFELLER |
| BANKING | J.P MORGAN |
| What did Vanderbilt do? | Replaced old iron tracks with steel rails to make them safer |
| What were railroad tyccoons? | Extremely powerful and ruled as an oligopoly (Gould & Vanderbilt) |
| Who was Jay Gould? | A robber baron of railroad companies |
| What did Rockefeller do? | Organized Standard Oil Company |
| What did Carnegie do? | Manufactured steel for a reduced price |
| What were ruthless business practices? | Low wages and driving competitors out of business by selling at a lower price |
| What is Trust? | An organization that manages assets of other companies. |
| What is holding company mean? | One created to town and control diverse companies |
| What are mergers? | When one company bought out another |
| What are monopolies? | When a firm buys out all of another company |
| What was vertical integration and who used it? | Buying out all of your suppliers (CARNEGIE) |
| What was horizontal integration and who used it? | Buying out all of your competition (ROCKEFELLER) |
| What was Gospel of Wealth? | Carnegie donated 350 mil of his wealth before he died |
| What was the rise of the cities? | Urbanization population of the U.S. grew by 552% because of immigration and rural to urban migration |
| What is a push factor? | Negative factors from which people were fleeing |
| What is a pull factor? | Positive factors of adopted country |
| Describe New Immigrants | Post civil war, south / east, unskilled workers, catholic / jewish |
| Describe Old Immigrants | Pre civil war, north / west, skilled workers, protestant |
| List some city issues | - Overcrowding - Disease - Poverty - Crime |
| What was xenophobia? | Anti foreigner attitudes |
| What was nativism? | Idea of blaming immigrants for problems |
| What Knights of Labor effective? | NO |
| What was Knights of Labor? | A secret society to avoid confrontation by employers. |
| What was the American Federation of Labor? | - Concentrated on attaining smaller economic goals. - Led by Samual Gompers and crafted of skilled workers |
| Who is Jane Addams? | Founder of Hull House and advocate for immigrants and urban poor |
| What is Collective Bargaining? | Allowed workers to discuss on wages / working conditions |
| What was a Political Machine? | Group who worked together to control a city or state politics |
| What was Laissez Faire? | Policy of a government not getting involved in the economy of a nation |
| What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? | Legislation demonstrating anti chinese sentiment |
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