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PYCHE-Chapter 7
Thinking, Language and Intellegence
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognition | The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining and using knowledge |
| Thinking | The manipulation of mental representations of info in order to draw inferences and conclusions |
| Mental Image | A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present |
| Concept | A mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share |
| Prototype | The most typical instance of a particular concept |
| Exemplars | Individual instances of a concept or category, held in memory |
| Problem Solving | Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available |
| Trial and Error | A problem solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work |
| Algorithm | A problem solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure or method that inevitably produces the correct solution |
| Heuristic | A problem solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions |
| Insight | The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way |
| Mental Set | The tendency to persist with solutions that have worked in the past |
| Single Feature Model of Decision Making | In order to simplify the choice among many alternatives, a decision is based on one single feature |
| Additive model of decision making | Systematically evaluate the important features by generating a list of features most important then rate each on an arbitrary scale and add up ratings for each alternative |
| Elimination by aspects model of decision making | Evaluate all alternatives starting with the most important feature. Remove each alternative that fails to meet criteria and narrow down to one |
| Availability Heuristic | A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the event are in memory |
| Representativeness Heuristic | A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event |
| Confirmation bias | The tendency to seek out evidence that confirms an existing belief while ignoring evidence that might contradict or undermine that belief |
| Fallacy of positive instances | The tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs |
| Overestimation effect | The tendency to overestimate the rarity of events |
| Language | A system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements |
| Syntax | Every language has it's own unique____, or set of rules for combining words |
| Linguistic Relativity hypotheses | AKA Whorfian hypothesis, The hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers. Benjamin Whorf |
| Comprehension vocabulary | The words that are understood by an infant or child |
| Production vocabulary | The words that an infant or child understands and can speak |
| Bilingualism | Fluency in two or more languages |
| Animal cognition/Comparative cognition | The study of animal learning, memory, thinking and language |
| Intelligence | Defined by David Wechsler, The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment |
| Mental age | A measurement of intelligence in which an individuals mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group (idea of Alfred Binet) |
| Intelligence Quotient IQ | A measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individuals score with the scores of others in the same age group -Lewis Termin |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (wais) | -The currently used test of intelligence developed by David Wechsler |
| Achievement test | A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill or accomplishment in a particular area |
| Aptitude Test | A test that is designated to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training |
| 3 requirements of good test design | 1. Standardization 2. Reliability 3. Validity |
| Standardization | The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms |
| Normal curve/normal distribution | A bell-shaped distribution of the individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score. Typical for IQ tests |
| Reliability | The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions |
| Validity | The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure |
| General Intelligence/G factor | The notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability. Labelled by Charles Spearman. |
| Howard Gardner | Described intelligence as different mental abilities that operate independently. He believes there are "multiple intelligences" and his theory includes eight distinct, independent intelligences |
| Triarchic theory of intellegence | Robert Sternberg's theory that there are three distinct forms of intellegence |
| Three forms of intelligence according to Sternberg | Analytic, creative and practical |
| Successful Intelligence according to Sternberg | Analytic, creative and practical intelligence |
| Intellectual disability | A neurodevelopmental disorder in which deficits in mental abilities impair functioning such that standards of personal independence are not met |
| Intellectual giftedness | A condition in which individuals have an IQ of 130 or higher and exceptional abilities in areas relat4erd to intelligence |
| Heritability | The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity |
| Stereotype threat | A psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance |
| Creativity | A group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original and novel ideas or solutions to problems |
Created by:
mmerry