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Chapter 2 Section 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1.) Why were prehistoric peoples attracted to the Nile River Valley? Place this river valley on a map. Explain. Who was Herodotus? | Rich soil and farming |
| 2.) What did Herodotus say about Egypt? What did he mean? | Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile. Egypt would just be a desert without the Nile. Herodotus-Greek Historian |
| 3.) What were the main crops of Egyptian farmers? | Wheat and Flax |
| 4.) Where does the Nile begin? Why did the Egyptians eagerly await the spring flooding of the Nile? | Highlands of Ethiopia and lakes of central Africa. The Nile deposited silt and rich soil. |
| 5.) What types of large public works were necessary for life, in the Nile River Valley? What is required for such large public works to occur? | Dikes, reservoirs and irrigation ditches Cooperation between people |
| 6.) Identify and describe the two distinct geographic regions of ancient Egypt (not upper and lower). | Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north |
| 7.) Define the terms cataracts and delta, in the context of the Nile. What are the derivations of these words? | Cataracts = waterfalls Delta=triangle area of marshland at the mouth of the river with deposits of silt |
| 8.) Who was the king of Upper Egypt, who united Upper and Lower Egypt in 3,100 B.C.? Where did he establish his capital? | Menes Capital was Memphis near Nile Delta |
| 9.) How did Menes and his successors use the Nile or how did the Nile enable Egypt to become one of history’s first unified states? | For Menes the Nile was a highway between the north and the south |
| 10.) In addition to the water and silt for crops, what was another economic benefit of the Nile? | Trade route for merchants |
| 11.) What are the three main periods of ancient Egyptian history? Who ruled a “generally united” Egypt during these periods? Define dynasty. | Old Kingdom 2575-2130 BC, Middle Kingdom 1938-1630 BC, New Kingdom 1539-1075 BC Different dynasties ruled Dynasty = ruling family with power |
| 12.) Identify and describe Pharaohs. What is the derivation of this word? | Pharaohs were Egyptian rulers thought to be God. Pharaoh =Great House |
| What was the extent of the power of the Pharaohs? What were the sources of this power? It was said, even with all that power, Pharaoh was still expected to behave in a moral fashion. Why? | Pharaohs had absolute power. Power was from a divine source. Pharaohs were human and needed to have morals |
| 13.) What was the term for Pharaoh’s chief minister, who oversaw all of the government departments? Review the chart for ancient Egypt’s governmental structure. Visier=chief minister | Visier=chief minister |
| 14.) What was the advice given by the Vizier, Ptah-hotep, in his instructional book? Is it still good advice? Young people should be humble, honest, obedient and fair. Still good advice | Young people should be humble, honest, obedient and fair. Still good advice |
| 15.) What is the alternate term for the Old Kingdom period? Why? | Pyramid Age because that is when the pyramids were built. |
| 16.) What was the purpose of the pyramids? What other actions were taken to ensure a comfortable afterlife for the Pharaoh? | Pyramids were tombs considered homes for the dead. They preserved the bodies and gave them everything they would need for their new life in the afterword.. |
| 17.) Review the Chart, Building the Pyramids. Why do you think later pyramids were smaller and for that matter why didn’t they build more of them? | Lack of materials, too costly, very difficult, and a lack of workforce. |
| 18.) Briefly describe how the pyramids were constructed. Who provided the labor? | Cut stones out of quarries, haul stones to the site, hoist stones up. Thousands of farmers did the work. |
| 19.) Your text states that the pyramids suggest the strength of Egypt? How so? | Planning and organization as well as cost proves the strength of the Egyptians |
| 20.) What factors contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom? How long did this disunity last? What is the name given to the new era of Pharaohs, which once again united Egypt, under their rule? | Power struggles, crop failures and costly pyramids=failed Old Kingdom. Disunity lasted one hundred years. Middle Kingdom was under new rule. |
| 21.) Why does your text state the Middle Kingdom was a more turbulent period? Even so, what were some high points of this period? | The Nile didn’t rise as much, corruption and rebellions happened. Rulers created a large drainage project that increased farm land. Armies conquered Nubia for gold. |
| 22.) Who invaded Egypt, in 1700 B.C.? Why was their invasion successful? How was this invasion and occupation an example of ancient warfare acting as an agent of cultural diffusion? | Hyksos invaded Egypt Hyksos had chariots to ensure their success Egyptians learned new military methods and Hyksos adopted Egyptian customs and beliefs. |
| 23.) How long was Egypt ruled by the Hyksos? As new dynasties of Pharaohs forced the Hyksos out, what new period of ancient Egyptian history began? | 100 years New kingdom |
| 24.) What was the extent of the Egyptian Empire created during the New Kingdom? What factors promoted this expansion? | Kingdom extended to Syria and down into Africa Strong leadership like Hatshepsut. |
| 25.) In what areas did the Egyptians of the New Kingdom make significant cultural advances? | Medicine, hygiene, dentistry and the arts. |
| 26.) Identify and describe Hatshepsut. How did her rule begin? How did she seek to satisfy the Egyptian tradition of male authority? How does Hatshepsut try to rebuild the economic strength of Egypt? | Hatsheptsut=Egyptian Queen. She ruled for a a young male heir She wore a beard She encouraged trade with eastern Mediterranean lands and the Red Sea coast of Africa |
| 27.) Who was the stepson of Hatshepsut? Under which Pharaoh did Egypt reach its greatest size? | Thutmose III. He grew Egypt to its greatest size. |
| 28.) Identify and describe Rameses II and his achievements. What is the oldest documented peace treaty in history? How did Rameses solidify this peace? | Ramses II was famous for military victories. He brought Syria under Egyptian rule. Oldest treaty was between Hittites and Egypt. He married a Hittite princess to solidify peace. |
| 29.) What was the African Kingdom to the south of Egypt? How would you describe the relationship between these two kingdoms? What items of trade were exchanged? What evidence suggests a great deal of cultural diffusion? | Nubia is south of Egypt They traded and fought with each other. Egypt conquered Nubia. They traded ivory, cattle, slaves and took Nubian gold. Egyptian art shows Nubian soldiers, musicians and prisoners. |
| 30.) How did the Nubians justify their conquest of Egypt, in 750 B.C.? Why did the 100 year period Nubian rule in Egypt come to an end? | They saw themselves as restorers of Egyptian glory. Assyrians conquered Egypt sending Nubians home. |
| 31.) Who was chief among the ancient Egyptian gods? What was the connection between the Pharaoh and this god? | Amen-Re=chief god Pharaoh was viewed as God=theocratic rule |
| 32.) Define theocracy. What is the derivation of this word? Why is Ancient Egypt considered a theocracy? | Theocracy=system of government in which the ruler is a religious figure and rules in the name of God. Pharaohs had religious authority to rule. |
| 33.) What gods did most Egyptians feel the closest to? Why? What were the domains of these two deities? What promise did they both represent? | Osiris and Isis because of love, jealousy and fear of death. Osiris ruled afterlife and Isis ruled magic and motherhood. Their promise was life after death. |
| 34.) What are some of the dominant themes of ancient Egyptian religion? | Belief in the afterlife = dominant theme of religion |
| Identify and describe the Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and the arduous route to achieve it. | To get to the afterlife: Pass a test Ferry across the lake of fire God weighed your soul against the feather of truth Worthy souls went to the Happy Field of Food Unworthy souls went to the eater of the dead. |
| 35.) Identify and describe the Eater of Souls, Happy Field of Food and the Book of the Dead. Why did the Egyptians bury their dead with many of their possessions? | Eater souls was a crocodile shaped thing that ate unworthy souls Happy Fields of Food is where worthy souls went Book of the Dead-contained spells, charms magic formulas The afterlife was to be much like real life so they needed their things. |
| 36.) Identify and describe mummification. Why was this process thought to be necessary? How and why was access to this process expanded over time? | Mummification is the preservation of dead bodies Bodies were embalmed and wrapped in cloth Necessary for the soul to use the body in the afterlife. It was once for rulers and nobles then ordinary people and pets could be mummified. |
| 37.) Where were many of the Pharaohs of the New Kingdom buried? What happened to most of the riches entombed with these Pharaohs? | Buried in the desolate Valley of the Kings Treasures were stolen by thieves |
| 38.) Who found Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922? For how long had this tomb remained intact? Why is this find considered so important? | Howard Carter discovered Tuts tomb. It was not touched for 3,000 years. This tomb gave much evidence of Egyptian civilization. |
| Identify and describe Akhenaton and Nefertiti. What was the great controversy that defines the rule of this Pharaoh? What were his motivations? | Pharaoh Akhenaton, married to Nefertiti favored the God Aton and tried to get rid of all other gods and wanted to remove other gods from the temple. He may have tried to start a new monotheistic religion. |
| Identify and describe the social, political and economic hierarchy of ancient Egypt using the pyramid model. | Pharaoh Government officials Merchants, scribes and artisans Peasant Farmers |
| What groups made up the bulk of the Egyptian population? At what tasks did the men and women of this group spend their time? | Peasant farmers-men and women worked the soil and repaired dikes Men built temples, palaces tombs Women raised children, collected water and cooked food |
| 42.) How did ancient Egyptian society become more “fluid” (what does this word mean, in this context?) during the New Kingdom? Which social class grew as a consequence of increased trade and warfare during this period? | Fluid=changeable, variable Trade and warfare increased as did wealth and opportunities Merchant class grew during New Kingdom |
| 43.) In general, how did the status of Egyptian women compare to that of other women, in the ancient world? What were some of the rights and privileges of Egyptian woman? | Higher status and greater independence They could inherit property, make business deals, buy and sell goods, go to court, and get a divorce. |
| 44.) Although there were clear distinctions between the occupations of men and women, what were some of the outside of the home jobs performed by Egyptian women? Even so, what facts betray their lower status with respect to men? | Egyptian women worked as manufacturers of perfumes and textiles, managed farms, and could be doctors and priests. They could not read or write or become a scribe or government official. |
| 45.) In what ways did the ancient Egyptians leave a “vast” record of their achievements? What general areas of Egyptian advancement in knowledge are documented through this record? | Records were made on stone temples and monuments as well as paintings. They recorded everyday life and religious beliefs, advances in medicine, astronomy and mathematics. |
| 46.) How does your text support the assertion that the ancient Egyptians were a practical people? | They used trial and error to find solutions to problems. |
| 47.) Identify and describe hieroglyphics. What is the derivation of this term? What two simpler forms of Egyptian script were developed by the scribes? Why? | Hieroglyphics=system of writing that uses symbols and pictures to represent objects, ideas and sounds. Hiero=sacred glyphics=carved Hieratic and demotic writing were simpler forms. |
| 48.) What was the one way the child of a poor family might attain wealth? In addition to keeping records, what other tasks were entrusted to Egyptian scribes? | A poor child could become a Scribe. They could be government or temple officials. |
| 49.) Identify and describe papyrus. When was paper invented? By whom? | Paper like writing material made from a plant that grows along the Nile. Invented 100 AD by the Chinese |
| 50.) What happened to the skills required to read and write hieroglyphics, after the decline of the New Kingdom? Who would later solve the riddle of hieroglyphic translation? How? When? | Skills of reading and writing were lost until Jean Champollion translated the Rosetta Stone in the 1800s. He deciphered the text using Greek. |
| 51.) Identify and describe the Rosetta Stone? What were the consequences of the discovery of this stone and Champollion’s subsequent translation of hieroglyphics? | Rosetta Stone was a carved tablet with three kinds of writing. Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs. This allowed scholars to read ancient Egyptian texts. |
| 52.) What common trait did Egyptian doctors share with other physicians of the ancient world? That having been said, what were some of their medical achievements? . | They believed in magic but knew much about the human body and diseases. Diagnosing illnesses and finding cures as well as complex surgical operations and drug discoveries |
| 53.) What was the driving force behind many of the Egyptian advances in mathematics? Examples? | To solve everyday problems like flooding and redrawing boundaries with geometry. Building pyramids and irrigation systems took lots of math. |
| 54.) What was the practical consequence of the work of Egyptian priest/astronomers? This work will lay the foundation for what modern tool? | They developed a calendar which is the basis of our present day calendar. |
| 55.) Review the chart: Egyptian Mathematical and Scientific Advancements. How was much of Egyptian knowledge passed on to other cultures? | Travel and conquest passed on knowledge to other cultures. |
| 56.) What types of art did the ancient Egyptians create? What were some common themes reflected in this art work? | Statues, wall paintings in tombs, and carvings on temples. Common themes were trade, farming, family life, victories and religious ceremonies. |
| 57.) Speculate as to why Egyptian painting styles changed very little, over the course of thousands of years? What are some of the distinctive stylistic practices of Egyptian artists? | Tradition kept the art from changing. Pharaohs and gods were always bigger than ordinary people. Limbs and heads were shown in profile but eyes and shoulders faced the viewer. |
| 58.) Identify and describe the Sphinx. | The Sphinx is half lion and half human and guards the great Pyramid at Giza. |
| 59.) Which Pharaoh had the great temple of Karnak built? What are some of its dominant features? What later people will copy the architecture of this temple? | Karnak was built by Rameses II. It had a vast hall with 80 foot columns. The Romans adopted this style of building. |
| 60.) What aspects of a culture may be revealed through its literature? What are the subjects of the earliest Egyptian literature? What were some other topics? | Literature revealed values, attitudes and humor. Subjects were victories in battle, instructions, practical advice. Folktales were also written by Egyptians. |
| 61. Identify and describe the Tale of Sinuhe. What does this story tell us? | Sinuhe was exiled from Egypt and traveled among the nomadic desert people. He became famous and was later welcomed back by the pharaoh. This tells how Egyptians view themselves and the uncivilized desert people. |
| 62.) Why was Egypt still very important to the ancient world, long after its empire had faded? | It was well regarded for its learning and culture and remained economically important because of its grains and other riches. |
| 63.) How was the legacy of ancient Egypt spread throughout the ancient world? Examples? | Invaders, traders and scholars spread Egyptian legacy throughout the world. Phoneocians spread the use of papyrus People from all over learned Egyptian medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. |
| 64.) What conquering “Greek” will set up a great center of learning in Alexandria, Egypt? Who will become the ultimate beneficiary of the vast Egyptian legacy of knowledge? | Alexander the Great set up a great center for learning about Egyptian knowledge. The western world benefited from Egyptian knowledge. |
| What is the meaning of his name? | Name=he who serves Aton |
| What happened after Akhenaton's death? | Priests of the old gods brought them back into power. |
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