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ENVS 1126
Environmental Science Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Which of the following countries have centrally planned economies? | Cuba and North Korea |
| Most national wealth is ____. | Intangible Capital |
| Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future? | Security |
| Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method? | Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. |
| The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be lowest? | At the end of summer |
| 1 In any energy conversion, some usable energy is lost 2 Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but converted to another form 3 Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which are the 2nd law of thermodynamics? | I and III |
| A bag of fertilizer is labeled 12-20-15. This label tells you that the percentage of organic matter in the fertilizer is | Cannot tell |
| Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ . | melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean |
| Which one of the following accounts for the fact that the abundance of mangroves along the Louisiana coast has increased dramatically in the last 20 years? | warmer winters |
| Taxol, which is used to treat lung, ovarian, and breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, was originally isolated from _____________________ . | the bark of the Pacific yew tree |
| Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium? | drought |
| Commensalism is an example of | symbiosis |
| Which one of the following statements is true? | R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time |
| A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 10 years. If the size of the population now is 50, what will be the size of the population 30 years from now? | 400 |
| If the relationship between species A and B is mutualistic, __________ . | both A and B benefit from the relationship |
| Which one of the following is an example of primary succession? | Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii |
| An Artesian aquifier can be contaminated by | a leak in a pipe used for deep well injection of liquid wastes. |
| The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are | rice, wheat, corn |
| Hardening of urban streams in the name of flood control is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO? | H= Habitat Loss |
| What does HIPPO stand for? | H=Habitat Loss, I=Invasive Species, P=Pollution, P=Human Population, and O=Overharvesting |
| The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 18 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1? | 2 |
| Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world? | Communicable diseases |
| Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater? | Aquifers |
| Globally, approximately what percentage of pregnancies are ended by abortions? | 20% |
| Which one of the following is not among the primary reasons that poor people in developing countries have large families? | Contraceptives are readily available |
| Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell? | Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30 degrees latitude |
| Which of the following reasons explains why most farmers in the United States do not irrigate their crops via drip irrigation? | Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high |
| The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by | breakdown of detritus |
| The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called | evapotranspiration |
| If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the | northwest |
| Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce? | beef |
| Which of the following is the environmentally preferred form of silviculture? | Shelter-wood cutting and selective cutting |
| Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms? | remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff |
| Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank? | The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men |
| The 1854 cholera outbreak near Broad Street in London came to an end when | The handle was removed from the Broad Street pump |
| The increase of the number of bald eagles in the United States after 1972 is attributed to termination of the use of ___________ . | DDT |
| The United States and China have virtually identical fertility rates (1.7) and median ages (38.35).Why is the population of China projected to decrease, whereas the population of the United States is projected to increase? | Immigration into the United States |
| Pangaea began to break up about 225 million years ago. If the Atlantic Ocean is now about 4500 kilometers wide, how fast has the width of the Atlantic Ocean been increasing during the last 225 million years | 2 centimeters per year |
| Overfishing for which one of the following fish on the Grand Banks and Georges Bank resulted in the collapse of the fisheries during the period from 1980 to 2000? | Cod |
| Terrestrial biomes are groups of ecosystems characterized by similar types of | Plants and climate |
| Decimation of the stocks of cod fish off the east coast of Canada by Canadian fishermen is an example of which one of the letters of the acronym HIPPO? | O= Overharvesting |
| Which of the following kinds of property rights is associated with the Tragedy of the Commons? | Open access |
| The increasing difference between the gross domestic product (GDP) and the genuine progress indicator reflects the fact that much of the increase of the GDP has occurred at the expense of ______________. | Natural capital and produced capital |
| The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand | Cabbages and condoms is |
| A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 20 years. If the size of the population now is 100, what will be the size of the population 40 years from now? | 400 |
| A mycorrhiza is _______________. | a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant |
| Global warming during the 21st century is expected to | Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean |
| In country A, everyone dies at the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies at the age of 80. What percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-43 years inclusive? | 20% in country A and 15% in country B |
| Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following? | Beta carotene |
| Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals? | 33% |
| Which one of the following is not one of the three major components of a nation's capital that determines its wealth? | Financial capital |
| Biologically available nitrogen can be added to aquatic systems | by nitrogen fixation and lost by either anammox or denitrification |
| In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day? | China and India |
| Which one of the following is not one of the three main trophic categories? | transformer |
| The cost/benefit ratio associated with the implementation of environmental regulations | Decrease with time |
| Which one of the following statements is true? | The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition |
| One of the items on the menu in a restaurant in Norway is medallions of whale and seal. In the United States, that would be a violation of which one of the following pieces of legislation? | Marine Mammal Protection Act |
| Which of the folliwng statements is not true? | Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased. |
| Which one of the following species of whales is currently being taken in small numbers each year by Alaskan Eskimos? | bowhead |
| Most deforestation is the result of _______________ . | conversion of forests into agricultural land for growing crops and pasturing animals |
| At what size is a population unstable? | When it corresponds with the MSY |
| MSY | Maximum Sustainable Yield |
| The Delaney Clause concerns which of the following? | Carcinogenic food additives |
| Which one of the following kinds of pesticides is responsible for most pesticide poisonings of humans? | organophosphates |
| Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy? | natural gas |
| Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds? | DDE |
| Which two of the following kinds of pesticides account for most use of pesticides in agriculture in the United States? | herbicides and insecticides |
| Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants? | France |
| Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy? | natural gas |
| Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity? | Europe |
| Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water? | Natural gas |
| The country with the greatest number of solar hot water heaters is | China |
| Which one of the dose-effect curves shown below correctly describes what public health authorities assume to be the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and the risk of cancer? | A (Linear, starts at origin) |
| Which one of the following drugs is not obtained from opium poppies? | Cocaine |
| Geothermal heat pumps | Can be used to heat and cool buildings |
| Which one of the following is the greatest lifestyle-related cause of death in the United States? | Smoking |
| Which one of the following is not an example of the consequences of chronic exposure? | Japanese citizens living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki when the atomic bombs were dropped develop cancer 35 years later as a result of the large doses of radiation they received when the bombs exploded. |
| Which one of the following gases accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect globally? | water vapor |
| Which one of the following mechanisms is expected to cause temperatures during the 21st century to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere? | Melting of the ice floating on the Arctic Ocean |
| The glacial-interglacial cycles that have taken place during the current ice age are believed to be caused by oscillations in the characteristics of Earth's rotation about its rotational axis and in its orbit around the Sun. These cyclic oscillations are | Milankovitch Cycles |
| Further increases of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are expected to warm temperatures more at high latitudes than at low latitudes because | There is less water vapor in the atmosphere at high latitudes than at low latitudes |
| Which one of the following air pollutants is not a primary pollutant? | ozone |
| In the United States, federal law requires that secondary wastewater treatment plants remove at least ________ percent of the BOD and suspended solids from the raw wastewater. | 85% |
| Emissions of which one of the following gases as a result of fossil fuel burning leads to the production of ozone in the troposphere? | NO |
| The catalytic converter on automobiles is not intended to do which one of the following? | convert sulfur dioxide to hydrogen sulfide |
| If the BOD of raw sewage is 200 ppm, by how much would that water have to be diluted to prevent the oxygen in a stream from dropping from 10 ppm to less than 6 ppm? | At least a factor of 50 |
| Which one of the following gases is primarily responsible for the fact that the temperature of the stratosphere increases with increasing altitude? | Ozone |
| The two acids primarily responsible for the high acidity of acid rain are ______________. | nitric acid and sulfuric acid |
| The successive trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred with 100% efficiency, what is concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)? | 500 ppm |
| Ozone concentrations accumulate in air if volatile organic carbon compounds react with which one of the following? | NO |
| A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that is | resistant to many insect pests |
| Suppose that a potentially toxic substance was added to the feed of experimental mice. Which one of the following scenarios would be associated with the largest dose of the toxic substance? | 3mg/kg for 20 days |
| Which of the folliwing is an example of gentrification? | An influx of middle-class people displaces poor residents from a formerly deteriorating neighborhood where homes and businesses were repaired and rebuilt |
| Production and/or use of the so-called 'dirty dozen' toxic substances was banned or greatly restricted as a result of | The 2004 Stockholm Convetion |
| The single largest component of municipal solid waste in the United States is | Paper and paperboard |
| hich of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land? | United States and India |
| In countries that have completed the demographic transition, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are both about ______ per 1000 people per year | 10 |
| Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption? | China |
| When plants such as switchgrass are grown as a potential source of liquid fuels, the energy in sunlight is converted to potential energy in the biomass of the plant with an efficiency of | Less than 5% |
| At a depth of 200 meters in the Gulf of Mexico, which one of the following factors is most limiting to the photosynthetic production of organic matter? | light |
| Which of the following areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010? | China and Europe |
| The outbreak of Southern Corn Leaf Blight in 1970 in the United States was dealt with by importing corn from _____________ that was resistant to the fungus that causes the disease. | China |
| The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are | USA and Brazil |
| At current rates of use, the world's supply of phosphate rock is expected to last for about _____ . | 300-400 years |
| The prohibition by the United States of the importation of products made with child labor has been objected to by which one of the following organizations? | World Trade Organization |
| Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States? | Canada |
| Which one of the following international agreements assures that wealthy nations cannot mine the genetic resources of other countries and then patent products that indigenous people have used for millennia? | The Convention on Biological Diversity |
| The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 10%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 30%. The concentration of X on trophic level 2 is 12 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1? | 4 |
| Which one of the following is not in part responsible for the high concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wildlife and humans living in the Arctic? | POPs are very soluble in water |
| Deterioration of which of the following ecosystems has been attributed in part to extensive changes of the inputs of water to or withdrawals of water from the system? | Rio Grande River and Florida Everglades |
| The eutrophication of Lake Washington was mitigated by which one of the following methods? | Diverting treated sewage effluents to Puget Sound |
| Which one of the following accounts for the smallest percentage of the US federal budget? | Compliance with environmental regulations |
| Which one of the following is not one of the purposes of pumping water through the core of a nuclear reactor fueled with uranium-235? | control the rate of the chain reaction |
| Which one of the following measures of the economic progress of China would you expect to have increased the most since 1980? | Gross Domestic Product |
| Which one of the following rivers that discharge into Lake Erie has repeatedly caught fire in the past because of the large amounts of industrial organic pollutants that were discharged into it? | Cuyahoga |
| Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from | Soybeans |
| Question text The roots of plants accelerate the weathering (chemical breakdown) of rocks by releasing _________ . | Weak Acids |
| In a flash steam geothermal power plant, water is vaporized by ____________. | lowering the pressure |
| What percentage of municipal solid waste in the United States is recycled? | 20%-29% |
| In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator? | slow neutrons |
| Topsoil accumulates at the rate of _______________. | 1-2 inches per 100 years |
| Which one of the following scenarios would be characterized as a brownfield? | The site of a former service station is abandoned because the underground fuel tanks below the site were found to have developed leaks |
| Which one of the following countries has the lowest median age? | India |
| The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________. | Bees |
| The United States has extensive deposits of ________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil. | Oil Shale |
| Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips. | dieldrin |
| Sharing of needles by drug addicts is especially associated with which one of the following drugs? | Heroin |
| Which one of the following is the most common form of trash identified by volunteers who participate in annual beach cleanups? | cigarette butts |
| In the United States today, the principal use of mercury is | dental fillings |
| What are the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil with a texture indicated by the red square in the figure below? | 30% sand, 30% silt, 40% clay |
| In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets? | 50% |
| Of the CO2 that has been emitted to the atmosphere as a result of human activities since the start of the industrial revolution, approximately what percentage is currently in the atmosphere? | 50 |
| Which one of the following kinds of radiation is associated with the greatest amount of biological damage per unit of absorbed energy? | Alpha Particles |
| Which one of the following kinds of soil would you expect to find in a wetland? | hydric |
| Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture? | mollisol |
| The greatest decreases of forest area between 1990 and 2010 occurred in | Africa and South America |
| Climate moderation is an example of which one of the following kinds of ecosystem services? | Regulating |
| Which one of the following is not an example of blue water? | Rainwater taken up by plants |
| Which one of the following is not an example of consumptive use? | Fish are caught and sold on the international market |
| Which one of the following countries has the highest fertility rate? | United States |
| Which of the following are autotrophic organisms? | plants and chemosynthetic bacteria |
| Which of the following pairs of countries would you visit if you wanted to see taiga? | Russia and Canada |
| Which one of the following is an example of an ecotone? | Salt Marsh |
| Which one of the following is not an example of a species that has become invasive? | Buffalo |
| Which one of the following statements about eutrophication is false? | Eutrophication occurs because of the natural tendency for the consumption of organic matter to exceed its production in freshwater lakes |
| The Neolithic Revolution began in | the Middle East about 12,000 years ago |
| Which one of the following problems is not attributable to habitat destruction? | In Texas, fire ants are estimated to kill 20% of songbird babies before they leave the nest |
| The barrier holding the wastewater from a pulp mill in a treatment lagoon breaks, and the wastewater runs into the Pearl River. The next day, there are thousands of dead fish in the Pearl River. What is the likely cause of the deaths of the fish? | Suffocation |
| Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture? | May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides |
| Which one of the following statements is true? | K-strategists have low biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time |
Created by:
edelee