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Psych-Chapt 6 Memory
Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | The mental processes that enable you to encode, retain and retrieve info over time |
| Encoding | The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system |
| Storage | The process of retaining info in memory so that it can be used later |
| Retrieval | The process of recovering info stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it |
| Sensory Memory | The first stage of memory that registers info from the environment and holds it for a very brief time. Info fades after three seconds or less |
| Short-term Memory | The second, active stage of memory where info is stored for up to about 20 seconds |
| Long-term Memory | The third stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information |
| Iconic Memory | Visual sensory memory is sometimes referred to as this because it is the brief memory of an image or icon |
| Echoic Memory | Auditory Sensory memory is sometimes referred to as this because it is the brief memory that is like an echo |
| Maintenance rehearsal | The mental or verbal repetition of info in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20 second duration of short-term memory |
| Chunking | Increasing the amount of info that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together in a single unit or chunk |
| Working Memory | The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of info needed for complex cognitive tasks such as reasoning, learning and problem solving |
| Alan Baddeley Developed... | the best known model of working memory |
| 3 components of Baddeley's model of working memory are | phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive |
| Phonological loop | This is the aspect of working memory that is often tested by standard memory tasks. It is the specialized for auditory material such as list of numbers or words |
| Visuospatial sketchpad | This is specialized for spatial or visual material such as remembering the layout of a room/city |
| Central Executive | Controls attention, integrates info and manages the other two components. Also initiates retrieval and decision processes and integrates info as it enters system |
| Elaborative rehearsal | rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of info to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory. Relating the info to the other info that you already know. |
| Three major categories of info stored in long-term memory- | procedural, episodic and semantic memory |
| Procedural memory | a category of long term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations and actions |
| Episodic memory | a category of long term memory that includes memories of particular events, including the time and place they occurred. |
| Semantic memory | a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts and names |
| Explicit memory | AKA declarative memory Info or knowledge that can be consciously recollected |
| Implicit memory | AKA non-declarative memory info or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected |
| Clustering | Organizing items into related groups or clusters during recall from long term meory |
| Semantic network model | a model that describes units of info in long term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations |
| Retrieval | the process of recovering info stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it |
| Retrieval cue | a clue, prompt or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of info stored in long-term memory |
| Retrieval cue failure | the inability to recall long term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues |
| Tip of the tongue experience | a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific info is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it. |
| Recall | AKA free recall. A test of long term memory that involves retrieving info without the aid of retrieval cues. |
| Cued recall | A test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of info in response to a retrieval cue |
| Recognition | a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct info out of several possible choices |
| Serial position effect | The tendency to retrieve info more easily from the beginning and the end of a list rather than from the middle |
| Encoding specificity principle | the principle that retrieval is more likely to be successful when the conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of info encoding |
| Context effect | The tendency to recover info more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the info |
| Mood congruence | an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood |
| Flashbulb memory | recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare or significant event; details may or may not be accurate |
| Forgetting | The inability to remember info that was previously available |
| Encoding failure | The inability to recall specific info because of insufficient encoding of the info for storage in long term memory |
| Prospective memory | remembering to do something in the future |
| Decay theory | the view that forgetting is due to normal brain processes that occur over time |
| Interference theory | the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory |
| Retroactive interference | backward acting memory interference in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory |
| Proactive interference | a forward acting memory interference in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory |
| Supression | motivated forgetting that occurs consciously a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific info |
| Repression | motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously. a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness |
| Misinformation Effect | A memory distortion phenomenon in which your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information |
| Schemas | organized clusters of info about particular topics |
| Source confusion | a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten |
| False Memory | A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur |
| Imagination inflation | a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred |
| Memory trace/Engram | the hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory |
| Eric Kandel | A memory researcher who chose to study aplysia snails to study the neuronal changes that occur when new memory is formed for a simple classically conditioned response |
| Long term potentiation | a long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons |
| Amnesia | severe memory loss |
| Retrograde amnesia | loss of memory, especially for episodic info of recent events |
| Memory consolidation | the gradual, physical process of converting new long term memories to stable, enduring memory codes. Jell-O mold is an example |
| Anterograde amnesia | loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories |
| Dementia | progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, language and other cognitive functions as the result of disease, injury or substance abuse |
| Alzheimer's disease | a progressive disease that destroys the brains neurons-most common cause of dementia |
Created by:
mmerry