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CHM 3001 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| X-ray crystallography | the study of crystals and their structure by means of X-ray diffraction. |
| Argonne National Lab | Advanced Photon |
| Lawrence Berkley Lab | Advanced Light |
| SLAC National Lab | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light |
| Brookhaven National Lab | National Synchrotron Light 2 |
| Ionic | ionic bonds |
| Metallic | metallic bonds |
| Covalent network | covalent bonds |
| Molecular | dipole-dipole |
| Crystalline solids | repeating pattern |
| Amorphous | random |
| Coordination number | the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom has (it's neighbors) |
| Simple cubic coordination number | 6 |
| Simple cubic atom density | 1 |
| Body centered cubic coordination number | 8 |
| Body centered cubic atom density | 2 |
| Face centered cubic coordination number | 12 |
| Face centered cubic atom density | 4 |
| Lattice point | A point at the intersection of two or more grid lines (the center of the atom) |
| Unit cell | the smallest group of atoms of a substance that has the overall symmetry of a crystal |
| Lattice | a series of points that are arranged in a distinct pattern |
| Cubic hole | the hole is at the center of simple cubic |
| Octahedral hole | hole is at the center of an octahedron |
| Tetrahedral hole | hole is at the center of a tetrahedron |
| Solute | the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture. |
| Solvent | a substance capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances and providing a solution |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. |
| Solubility | A degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution |
| Golden rule of solubility | Like dissolves Like |
| Electrolytes | substances that dissolve in water and produces ions and conduct electricity |
| Nonelectrolytes | substances that dissolve in water but does not produce ions and can't conduct electricity |
| Strong electrolytes | 100% of the dissolved substance generates ions |
| Weak electrolytes | only a small fraction of the dissolved substance generates ions |
| Ion dipole attraction | electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole |
| Solubility | the maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a particular solvent under given conditions |
| Solute's concentration = solubility | saturated |
| Solute's concentration < solubility | unsaturated |
| Solute's concentration > solubility | supersaturated |
| Colligative properties | properties of a solution differ considerably from those of the pure solvent and pur solute |
| Vapor pressure lowering | adding a nonvolatile solute to a pure solvent lowers the solvent's vapor pressure |
| Chemical kinetics | the study of the rate of chemical reactions |
| Average rate | rate of a reaction over a time period |
| Instantaneous rate | rate of a reaction at a specific time |
| Initial rate | rate of a reaction that started at 0 time |
| Collision Theory | Reactants (atoms, molecules or ions) must collide in order to react with each other |
| Transition state theory | The reactants form an intermediate called an activated complex called a transition state |
| Reaction mechanism | a set of elementary steps that describe how a reaction occurs at the molecular level |
| Elementary step | molecular-level view of a single process taking place in a chemical reaction |
| Intermediate | a species produced in one elementary step and consumed in a subsequent step |
| Catalyst | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without itself being consumed by the reaction |
| ​​Homogeneous catalyst | is in the same phase as the reactants and speeds up the reaction by forming a reactive intermediate |
| Heterogeneous catalyst | chemical catalysts whose physical phase is different from the physical phase of the reactants |
| Enzymes | a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction |
| Electrolytes | chemical that can dissolve in water and generate ions |
| Chemical Equilibrium | a reversible reaction that goes both forward and reverse directions, with equal rates, the concentrations of the products and reactants remain constant overtime |
| Homogeneous equilibrium | reactants and products are present in the same phase |
| When there is a constant concentration | Kc' or Qc' |
| Heterogeneous Equilibrium | reactants and products are present in different phases |
| Le chatelier's principle | When a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed it returns to equilibrium by counteracting the disturbance |
| If disturbed by adding a reactant or product the system will | proceed in the direction that consumes part of the added species |
| If disturbed by removing a reactant or product the system will | proceed in the direction that restores part of the removed species |
| At equilibrium | Q=K |
| Rate Law 1st order | rate = k[A] |
| Units of rate constant 1st order | s^-1 |
| Half-Life 1st order | t1/2 = 0.693/k |
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