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A&P lecture 2 exam
lecture exam 2 chp 19,20,21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The binding of heme unit's iron ion to an oxygen ion | -forms hemoglobin-is a reversible binding-will be broken when oxygen reaches systemic tissues, so that oxygen can enter body cells |
| in the common pathway of blood clotting,______ converts fibrinogen to fibrin | thrombin |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when an RH_____ women bears the second child of an Rh_____man | negative;positive |
| defense against toxins ans pathogens | leukocyte |
| cell fragment involved in blood clotting | thrombocyte |
| transport respiratory gases | erythrocyte |
| consists of immunoglobunis that attack bacteria and viruses | globulins |
| maintains blood osmotic pressure | albumin |
| aids in blood clotting | fibrinogen |
| which leukocyte would be more abundent in the blood during a parastic worm infection | eosinophil |
| what are the major components of whole blood | plasma and formed elements |
| the process of hemostasis includes | - vascular phase-coagulation phase-platelet plug formation |
| which leukocyte is the first to arrive at the sight of injury and is capable of phagocytosis | neutrophil |
| which hormone is needed to stimulate red blood cell formation in red bone marrow | erythropoietin |
| damage to tissue results in the release of _____ into the blood and activation of the ____ pathway of blood clotting | tissue factor;extrinsic |
| a hemoglobin molecule consists of _____ chains of polypeptide, and ____heme units, which each contain the element_____ | four-four-iron |
| if a person is AB blood type, what antibodies would be present in their blood | NONE |
| a hemocratic is a blood test that is a good indicator of | percentage of RBC in a volume of blood |
| a hematocrit is a blood test that is a good indicator of | -percentage of RBC in a volume of blood-oxygen carrying capacity of one's blood |
| which ABO blood type is considered the universal donor | type O |
| which cation is necessary in the bloods ability to clot | calcium |
| if misty is a type A and needs to recieve transfusions of blood during a surgery, which blood type's could she recieve | A and O |
| iron and amino acids are recycled to be used in erythropoiesis, while unusable products are eliminated by the digestive tract and/or kidneys | recycling of a red blood cell |
| liquid portion of blood | plasma |
| solid portion of blood | formed elements |
| in red bone marrow produces 2 million RBC each second because RBC live about 120 days | stem cells |
| a major contributor to osmotic pressure | albumin |
| include immunoglobins and transport proteins | globulins |
| is essential in blood clotting | fibrinogen |
| red blood cell | erythrocyte |
| white blood cell | leukocyte |
| platelets | thrombocytes |
| what is the red blood cell function | transport oxygen |
| n containing protein that combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin which carries oxygen to the body. each erythrocyte carries 280 million molecules of ________ | HEMOGLOBIN |
| A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS CASUSE BY AN INABILITY TO CARRY SUFFICIENT OXYGEN TO THE BODY CELLS DUE TO______- | ANEMIA |
| LACK OF IRON IN THE DIET CAUSED LACK OF HEMOGLOBIN | IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
| caused by a deficiency of rbc's due to lack of b12 | pernicious anemia |
| caused by inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin, when oxygen levels in blood fall, the defective hemoglobin crystallizes distorting the RBC into a sickle shape and blocking function | sickle cell amemia |
| almost the opposite of anemia, the red bone marrow produces too many RBC's | polycethemia |
| an artificial way of raising red blood cells levels involving transfusions by athletes to raise their level of RBC's and increase oxygen delivery to muscles | blood doping |
| a blood test that uses a centrifuge to seperate ans measure the different portions of blood | hematocrit |
| binds oxygen | hemoglobin |
| our proteins collectively called_____a) two alpha subunitsb) two beta subunits | globulins |
| heme portion is pigmented protion containing___ ion-each protein subunit contains a heme and thereore one hemoglobin molecule-iron reversible binds oxygen-afinity depends on oxygen concentration at tissues | iron |
| universal donor | o |
| universal reciepent | AB |
| glycolipid or glycoprotein on surface of cell that identifies a cell as self but in the wrong person can stimulates the production of antibodies | antigen |
| a substance that reacts to an antigen, usually causing them to clump together(also called agglutin) | antibody |
| clumping of antibodies and antigens | agglutination |
| thrombocytes are not true cell ragments or larger cells called | megakarocytes |
| collect around an injured vessel, some break up and release platelet factors which combine with prothrombine to form thrombin that changes fibrinogen to fibrin, a gel like fiber that catches RBC and forms a clot | platelet function |
| a blood clot | thrombus |
| the condition of having a blood clot | thrombosis |
| a dislodged clot | embolus |
| the condition of having a dislodged blood clot | embolism |
| prevent excessive blood loss and involves three seperate but interrelated processes | hemostasis |
| constriction or spasm of the blood vessel | vascular spasm |
| exposed connective tissue attracts platelets to site and start accumulating creating a plug | plate plug formation |
| blood clotting | coagulation phase |
| occurs in red bone marrow | hematopoieses |
| all formed elements except lymphocytes | myeloid stem cells |
| give rise to lymphocytes | lymphoid stem cells |
| stimulated RBC formation | erythropoietin |
| stimulates platelet formation | thrombopoietin |
| stimulate WBC formation(these include chemicals called colony stimulating factors) | cytokines |
| transport dissolved gasses, nutrients,hormones and metabolic wastesregulating ph and ion composition of interstitual fluidsrestricting fluid loss at injury sitedefending the body against toxins and pathogensregulating body temperature by absorbin | functions of blood |
| have nuclei and other organellesdo not contain hemoglobindefend the body against pathogensremove toxins, wastes and abnormal damaged cellsare capable of amoeboid movement andpositive chemotaxissome are capable of phagocytosis | white blood cells(leukocytes) |
| have granules in their cytoplasm that are actually lysosomes | granular |
| first phagocytes at site of infection, release leukotrienes-carrier and tissue damage-bacteria,virus,Fungi | neutrophils |
| phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies-allergic parasitic organism, tapeworms,pinworms | eosinophils |
| migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparindark purple, histamine,heprininflamatory response | basophils |
| lack granules | agranular |
| enters peripheral tissue and becomes a macrophage(monster phagocytes) | monocytes |
| migrate back and forth between bloodstream and tissue and populate the lymphatic system; includes t-cells, b-cells, and NK cells | lymphocytes |
| becomes sensitized to a specific antigen-manufacture and pour antibodies into the bloodstream-the anitbodies attach to and help destroy foreign antigens | B-cell lymphocytes |
| attach to and destroy a foreign cell-release cytoxic chemicals to kill the invaders | T-cell lymphocytes |
| -immune system police-detection and destruction of abnormal tissue cells important | natural killer cells(NK) |
| leave the bloodstream by rolling, sticking and squeezing through endothelial cells | emigration |
| chemicals released that"draw" WBC to site and increase phagocytosis | chemotaxis |
| lysozymestrong oxidents(h2o2,OCI-) | phagocytosis |
| a rapid within seconds pathway that begins outside the bloodstream-damaged tissues outside of the vessel sends tissue factor inthe blood-begins the clotting process | extricsic pathway |
| slower(within minutes)-formation of prothrombinase-begins withinthe bloodstream | intrinsic pathway |
| clot gradually dissolves through action of plasma, activated form of plasminogen-clotting can be prevented through the use of drugs that depress the clotting response or dissolve existing clots-antocoagulants include heparin, coumadin,asprin,t-pa | fibrinolysis |
| inherited disorder on X chromosome-80-90% are malesinadequate production of clotting factors-usually factorVIII-severity will depend on underproduction -cant clot normally excessive blood losstreatment, transfusion of clotting factors from others, | hemophilia |
| two interacting closed circuits | pulmonary and systemic |
| carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
| return blood to the heart | veins |
| small thin-walled vessels,-interconnect the smallest arteries and the smallest veins-are called exchange vessels | capillaries |
| -protects the heart | pericardium |
| outer layer-prevents overstretching, protection, and anchoring | fibrous pericardium |
| inner, thin membranous layer | serous pericardium |
| is the outer serous membrane | parietal pericardium |
| attaches to the surface of the heart(epicardium) | visceral pericardium |
| filled with serous fluid | pericardial cavity |
| is the outermost layer-visceral serous membrane | epicardium |
| is the cardiac muscle-responsible for pumping action of heart | myocardium |
| is the inner most layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium | endocardium |
| single, centrallylocated nucleus-branching interconnections between cells-intercalated discs-are striated-many mitochondria | cardiocytes |
| consists of four chambers | atria (right and left)-auricle-interatrial septumVentricles-Interventricular septum |
| major blood vessels of the heart include | -inferior and superior vena cava-aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| recieves blood from the systemic circulation-superior vena cava-inferior vena cava-coronary sinus | right atrium |
| muscular ridges seem on the atrial walls and inner surface of the auricles | pectinate muscles |
| consists of three leaflets or cuspids-blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
| the free edges of the cusp is attached to connective tissue cords call | chordae tendineae |
| the chordae tendineae attach to the-hold the valve closed when the ventricles contracts | papillary muscles |
| are musculare ridges onthe walls | trabeculea carnea |
| blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the ________1______ through_____2________ amd enters the pulmonary circuit | 1) pulmonary trunk2)pulmonary semilunar valve |
| blood flows into the_1_and the _2_,they branch repeatedly w/in the lungs,at the capillaries co2 is exchanged with O2,from the respiratory capillaries, bood collects into small veins tht ultimate unite to form_3_,the poster wall of the_4_rec. blood by 5&6 | 1_left pulmonary arteries2)right pulmonary arteries3)pulmonary veins4)left artium5)two left pulmonary veins6)two right pulmonary veins |
| recieves blood from four pulmonary veins which has just been oxygenated in the lungs | left atrium |
| the __________ guards the entrance to the left ventricle | left atrioventricular valve or bicuspid valve |
| permits the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle | left av valve |
| the bicuspid valve is often referred to as the | mitral valve |
| thick muscular walls-can create sufficient pressure to push blood through the large systemic circuit | THE LEFT VENTRICLE |
| BLOOD LEAVES THE LEFT VENTRICLE BY | -AORTIC VALVE(AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE)-ASCENDING AORTA-AORTIC ARCH-DESCENDING AORTA |
| IS MOST MUSCULAR-PUMPS BLOOD TO BODY | LEFT VENTRICLE |
| HAS LESS MUSCLE-PUMPS BLOOD TO LUNGS ONLY | RIGHT VENTRICLE |
| FOLLOWS THE CORONARY SULCUS AROUND THE HEART AND GIVES OFF TWO BRANCHES-POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR-RIGHT MARGINAL BRANCH | RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY |
| BRANCHES INTO THE-ANTERIOR INTERVERTRICULAR ARTERY-CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY | LEFT CORONARY ARTERY |
| THE MAIN VEINS DRAIN DEOXYGENATED BLOOD INTO THE ______ ON THEPOSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HEART;DRAINS INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM | CORONARY SINUS |
| MAJOR TRIBUTARIES THAT DRAIN INTO THE CORONARY SINUS | -GREAT CARDIAC VEIN-POSTERIOR CARDIAC VEIN-MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN-SMALL CARDIAC VEIN-ANTERIOR CARDIAC VEIN |
| PARTIAL OR COMPLETE BLOCKAGE OF CORONARY CIRCULATION; RESULTS IN ISCHEMIA- ANGINA PECTORIS SEVERE CHEST PAINS ACCOMPANIES REDUCED BLOOD FLOW;-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RESULTS WHEN THERE IS DEATH OF MYOCARDIUM DUE TO DECREASE BLOOD FLOW | CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE |
| THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM INCLUDES | -SINATRIAL NODE(SA);-ARTRIOVENTRAL NODE(AV) |
| ATRIEL CONDUCTING CELLS ARE FOUND IN INTERNODAL PATHWAYS OF ? | CONDUCTING PATHWAYS |
| A TECHNIQUE THAT MEASURES THE ELECTRICAL POTIENTAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE HEART DURING CARDIAC CYCLE; THE WAVE OF ELECTRICAL DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION CAUSES AN ELECTROMAGNATIC SIGNAL THAT CAN BE MONITORED BY ELECTRODES ATTACHED TO THE SKIN | ELECTROCARDIOGRAM(ECG) |
| AN INSTRUMENT CALLED_______ CONVERTS SIGNALS INTO A PICTURE | ELECTRROCARDIAGRAPH |
| THE ELECTRODES CAN DETECT DIFFERENCES IN ELECTRICAL POTIENTAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS ON THE BODY CALLED____ | LEADS |
| ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION | P-WAVE |
| VENTRICAL DEPOLARIZATION | QRS WAVE |
| VENTRICAL REPOLARIZATION | T-WAVE |
| DAMAGE TO THE CONDUCTION PATHWAY AFFECTS THE NORMAL RHYTHM OF THE HEART-MECHANICAL DISTORTION-INFECTION-INFLAMMATION-CAN HAVE BLOCKS IN PURKINJES | ABNORMAL HEARTBEATS |
| A "SUPRISE"ATRIAL CONTRACTION | PRMATURE ATRIAL CONTRACTIONS |
| A FLURRY OF ATRIAL ACTIVITY | PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA |
| CONTRACTION OF THE VENTRICULAR BEFORE IT SHOULD | PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS |
| SLOW HEART BEATS; BELOW 50 BEATS PER MINUTE | BRADYCARDIA |
| THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE START OF ONE HEARTBEAT AND THE BEGINNING OF THE NEXT | THE CARDIAC CYCLE |
| CARDIAC CYCLE IS IN TWO PHASES CONTRACTION | SYSTOLE |
| RELAXATION | DIASTOLE |
| PRIOR TO SYSTOLE, BLOOD PASSIVELY FLOWS INTO VENTRICLES, THE ATRIUM CONTRACTS AND TOPS OFF THE VOLUME IN THE VENTRICLE, PRESSURE IN THE ATRIA IS INCREASED WHEN IT CONTRACTS PREVENTING ARRIVING BLOOD FROM ENTERING THE ATRIUM, | ATRIOLE SYSTOLE |
| THE ___WAVE IS DUE TO ___________________ | P; ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION |
| AT THE COMPLETION OF ATRIAL SYSTOLE EACH VENTRICLE IS FULL AND REPRESENTS THE | END DIASTOLIC VOLUME(edv)(130ML) |
| AS MYOCARDIUM CONTRACTS THE VENTRICULA PRESSURE RISES.BLOOD IS FORCED UP,THE AV VALVES CLOSE(S1)ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED, VENTRICULAR PRESSURE INCREASES FORCING BLOOD THROUGH SEMILUNAR VALVES PRESSURE DROPS VALVES CLOSE QRS COMPLEX IS VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZAT | VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE |
| BECAUSE ALL VALVES ARE CLOSED AND NO BLOOD LEAVES THE VENTRICLES THIS IS KNOWN AS________ OF THE VENTRICLES | ISOMETRICAL CONTRACTION |
| BLOOD EJECTED DURING VENTRICLE SYSTOLE | STROKE VOLUME |
| all valves are closed; semilunar valves close=second heart sound(s2or dub);myocardium relaxes;the ventricular pressure drops;av valves will open and blood will flow passively, t wave on ecg=ventrical repolarization; this time is know as relaxation | ventriular diastole |
| listening to heart sound via stethoscope | ausculation |
| lubb, caused by the closing of the av valves | s1 |
| dupp caused by the closing of the semilunar valves | S2 |
| A FAINT SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD FLOWING INTO THE VENTRICLES | S3 |
| ANOTHER FAINT SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH ATRIAL CONTRACTION | S4 |
| AN ABNORMAL SOUND CONSISTING OF A CLICKING, RUSHING, OR GURGULING SOUND HEARD BEFORE, BETWEEN, OR AFTER NORMAL HEART BEAT | HEART MURMUR |
| THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN EACH VENTRICLE AT THE END OF THE VENTRICAL DIASTOLE | END DIASTOLIC VOLUME |
| THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD REMAINING IN EACH VENTRICLE AT THE END OF THE VENTRICLE SYSTOLE | END SYSTOLIC VOLUME(ESV) |
| THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD PUMPED OUT OF EACH VENTRICLE DURING A SINGLE BEAT EDV-ESV=SV | STROKE VOLUME |
| THE PERCENTAGE OF THE EDV REPRESENTED BY THE SV | EJECTION FRACTION |
| THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD PUMPED BY EACH VENTRICAL IN 1 MIN | CARDIAC OUTPUTDE |
| DEGREE OF STRENGTH ON HEART BEFORE IT CONTRACTS | PRELOAD |
| THE FORCEFULLNESS OF A CONTRACTION OF INDIVIDUAL VENTRICLE MUSCLE FIBERS | CONTRACTILITY |
| THE PRESSURE THAT MUST EXCEED BEFORE EJECTION OF BLOOD FROMT HE VENTRICLES | AFTERLOAD |
| THE MORE THE HEART FILLS WITH BLOOD DURING DIASTOLE, THE GREATER THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION DURING SYSTOLE; THE GREATER THE EDV, THE MORE FORCEFUL THE CONTRACTION; DURATION OF VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE-INCREASE IN HR=SHORTER DIASTOLE=SMALLER EDV;VENOUS RETURN; | PRELOAD; FRANK STARLING LAW OF THE HEART |
| THE QRS COMPLEX REPRESENTS | VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE |
| THE P WAVE REPRESENTS | ATRIAL SYSTOLE |
| THE T WAVE | VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE |
| CO STANDS FOR__1___ AND IS THE ____2___ | 1)cardiac output2)colume of blood ejected from the hear/minute |
| sv stands for_1_ AND IS THE_2_ | 1)STROKE VOLUME2)VOLUME OF BLOOD(ML)EJECTED PER CARDIAC CYCLE |
| AT REST JIMS HEART RATE IS 75 BPM AND IS STROKE VOLUME IS 70ML/BEAT, WHAT IS JUM CO? | CO=70ML/BEAT*75BPM=5250ML |
| WHAT DOES EDV STAND FOR? | END DIASTOLIC VOLUME, AMOUNT OF BLOOD(ML) IN TH VENTRICLES AT THE BEGINING OF VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE |
| WHAT DOES ESV STAND FOR? | END SYSTOLIC VOLUME; AMOUNT OF BLOOD REMAINING IN THE VENTRICLES AT THE END OF VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE |
| CARDIAC PACEMAKER | SA NODE |
| BUNDLE OF HIS | AV CONDUCTING FIBERS |
| P WAVE | ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION |
| LUBB SOUND | AV VALVE CLOSE; SEMILUNAR VALVE OPEN |
| DUBB SOUND | SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE |
| ATRIAL REFLEX | BAINBRIDGE REFLEX |
| BARORECEPTORS | MONITOR BLOOD PRESSURE |
| SYMPATHETIC NEURONS | INCREASES HEART RATE |
| FILLS ATRIA | VENOUS RETURN |
| CARDIAC OUTPUT | SV*HR |
| CARDIAC CONTROL | MEDULLA OBLONGOTA |
| FILLING TIME | VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE |
| HOW DOES AUTONOMIC INNERCATIONS AFFECT THE HEART RATE | SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT INCREASES HEART RATE WHERAS PARASYMPATHETIC OUTPUT REDUCES HEART RATE |
| HOW DOES ARTRIAL REFLEX(BRAINBRIDGE REFLEX) AFFECT THE HEART RATE | INCREASE STRETCH ON ATRIA(IMPLIES INCREASE VENOUS RETURN) WOULD CAUSE A REFLEX INCREASE IN HEART RATE |
| WHICH HORMONES AFFECT THE INCREASE OF THE HEART RATE | EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE, GLUCOGON, THYROID HORMONES EXCESS CALCIUM |
| WHICH HORMONES DECREASE THE AFFECT ON THE HEART RATE | EXCESS SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM |
| HOW DOES VENOUS RETURN EFFECT HEART RATE | INCREASE VENOUS RETURN INCREASES HEART RATE |
| HOW DOES EDV EFFECT STROKE VOLUME | INCREASE IN EDV INCREASES STROKE VOLUME |
| HOW DOES PRELOAD INCREASE STROKE VOLUME | AMOUNT OF BLOOD RETURNING TO HEART, INCREASES VENOUS RETURN INCREASES EDV; INCREASES STROKE VOLUME |
| ESV;INCREASE ESV DECREASES SVCONTRACTILITY | INCREASE CONTRACTILITY DECREASES ESV INCREASES SV |
| INCREASE PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE WILL INCREASE AFTERLOAD WILL DECREASE SV | AFTERLOAD |
| WHAT THREE DISTINCT LAYERS COMPRISE THE HISTOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL ARTERIES AND VEINS | TUNICA INTERNA, TUNICA MEDIA, TUNICA EXTERNA |
| WHY DO ARTERIES HAVE MORE ELASTIC FIBERS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THEIR WALL THEN VEINS? | MUST BE ABLE TO RECOIL TO HANDL FLUCTUATIONS IN BLOOD FLOW AND BE ABLE TO HANDLE LARGE PRESSURE CHANGES |
| WHY ARE CAPILLARIES CONSIDERED THE EXCHANGE VESSELS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? | VERY THINK WALLS(SINGLE CELL LAYER) ALLOWS FOR DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS OF MATERIAL INTO AND OUT OF THE BLOODSTREAM |
| WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VENOUS VALVES? | COMPARTMENTALIZW BLOOD AND AID IN MOVEMENT OF BLOOD TO RIGHT SIDE OF HEART |
| SYMBOLICALLY SUMMARIZE THE RELATIONSHIP AMOUNG BLOOD PRESSURE(BP), PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE(PR) AND BLOOD FLOW(F) WHAT DOES THE RELATIONSHIP MEAN F=BP/PR | BLOOD FLOW THROUGH VESSELS DEPENDS ON THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE VESSELS AND THE RESISTANCE OF THOSE VESSELS |
| WHAT IS MEANT BY BP=120MMHG/80 MM HG | SYSTOLIC PRESSURE(VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION)=120 MMHG AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE(VENTRICULA RELAXATION=80MMHG |
| WHAT THE MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE(MAP) IF THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE IS 110 MMHG AND THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE IS 80 MMHG | MAP =80 MMHG+1/3(110-80)=90MMHG |
| HOW DOES VESSEL LENGTH AFFECT PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE | INCREASE LENGTH INCREASES PR |
| HOW DOES VESSEL DIAMETER AFFECT PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE | DECREASE DIAMETER INCREASES PR |
| HOW DOES BLOOD VISCOSITY AFFECT PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE | INCREASE VISCOSITY INCREASES PR |
| HOW DOES TURBULANCE AFFECT PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE | INCREASE TURBULANCE INCREASES PR |
| MOST COMMON, MATERIAL MOVES FROMAN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION. DOES DEPEND ON LIPID SOLUBILITY, CHARGE AND SIZE | DIFFUSION |
| PRESSURE DRIVEN MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND SOLUTE OUT OF THE CAPILLARIES AND INTO TISSUES; DEPENDS OF THE DIFFERENT PRESSURE WHICH IS GREATER FOR EXAMPLE CHP,BCOP,IHP, ANDICOP. REMEMBER NET FILTRATION \(CHP-IHP)-(BCOP-ICOP) | FILTRATION |
| PRESSURE DRIVEN MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND SOLUTE INTO THE CAPILLARIES FROM TISSUES, ALSO DEPENDS ON DIFFERENT PRESSURES | REABSORPTION |
| CHP-IHP;THE PRESSURE OF THE BLOOD IN THE VESSELS TO FORCE WATER OUT AND THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE TISSUE FLUID TO FORCE FLUID IN TO THE BLOOD | NET HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE |
| THROUGH THE CAPILLARIESL VARIES FORM 35MMHG ON ARTERIAL SIDE TO 18MMHG ON THE VENOUS SIDE | CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE |
| PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE TISSUE FLUID TO FORCE FLUID INT O THE BLOOD;NORMALLY NEGLIGIBLE (6 TO -6MMHHG) | HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID(IHP) |
| NCOP=BCOP-ICOP | NET COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE |
| PRESSURE OR DRAW OF FLUID INTO THE BLOOD BECAUSE OF SOLUTE(PLASMA PROTEIN) CONCENTRATION. gENERALLY 25mmHg | BLOOD COLLOID PRESSURE |
| PRESSURE OR DRAW OF FLUID FORM THE BLOOD INTO TISSUES BECAUSE OF SOLUTE(INTERSTITUAL PROTEIN)CONCENTRATION. GENERALLY NEGLIGIBLE | INTERSTITIAL FLUID COLLOID PRESSURE |
| WHAT THREE MAJOR BARORECEPTORS POPULATIONS ENABLE THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE | AORTIC BARORECEPTORS; CAROTID SINUS BARORECEPTORS;ATRIAL BARORECEPTORS |
| WHAT THREE MAJOR BARORECEPTORS POPULATIONS ENABLE THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE | AORTIC BARORECEPTORS; CAROTID SINUS BARORECEPTORS;ATRIAL BARORECEPTORS |
| HORMONE THAT INCREASE ADH OUTPUT, INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME, INCREASE BP | ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE |
| HORMONE INCREASE VASOCONSTRICTION, INCREASE ADH, INCREAE ALDOSTERONE, INCREASE THIRST, INCREAE IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD VOLUME | ANGIOTENSION II |
| HORMONE THAT INCREASE RBC PRODUCTION, INCREASE OXYGEN CARRYING ABILITY, INCREASE BLOOD CVOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE | ERYTHROPOIETIN |
| HORMONE INCREASES SODIUM AND WATER LOSS FROM THE KIDNEYS, REDUCES THIRST, CASODILATION AND REDUCES BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE | NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE |
| HORMONE INCREASES SODIUM AND WATER LOSS FROM THE KIDNEYS, REDUCES THIRST, CASODILATION AND REDUCES BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE | NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE |
| INCREASE SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE. THISIS ENHANCED BY THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM(EPINEPHRINE AMD NOREPINEPHRINE FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA) | BODYS SHORT RESPONSE TO HEMORRHAGING |
| INCREASE SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE. THISIS ENHANCED BY THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM(EPINEPHRINE AMD NOREPINEPHRINE FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA) | BODYS SHORT RESPONSE TO HEMORRHAGING |
| ADH,ALDOSTERONE,EPO,ANGIOTENSION II, AND INCREASE THIRST,CONSERVES WATER AND SODIUM LOSS FROM KIDNEY,VASOCONSTRICTION WILL INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME AND RESTORE NORMAL HEMOSTASIS OF BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE | LONG TERM RESPONSE TO HEMMORHAGING |
| ADH,ALDOSTERONE,EPO,ANGIOTENSION II, AND INCREASE THIRST,CONSERVES WATER AND SODIUM LOSS FROM KIDNEY,VASOCONSTRICTION WILL INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME AND RESTORE NORMAL HEMOSTASIS OF BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE | LONG TERM RESPONSE TO HEMMORHAGING |
| DRUGS THAT MIMIC THE ACTIONS OF EPINIPHERIN AND NOREPINEPHERINE AND ARE A POSITIVE INOTROPIC | DOPAMINE, DOBUTAMINE ,ISOPROTERENOL |
| POSITIVE INOTROPIC AGENT BECAUSE IT INCREASES CALCIUM INFLUX PROMOTING MUSCLE CONCENTRATION | DIGITALIS(LANOXIN) |
| PROPRANOLOL,TIMOLOL, METOPROLOL, ATENOLOL, ARE NEGATICE INOTROPIC | BETA BLOCKERS |
| AUTONOMIC HEADQUARTERS | CARDIAC CENTERS |
| INCREASE HEART RATE | CARDIOIIACCELERATORY CENTER |
| SLOW HEART RATE | CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTER |
| BP(BARORECEPTORS);OXYGEN LEVELS(CHEMORECEPTORS) | CARDIAC REFLEXES |
| TESTING AUTONOMIC TONE; STEADY BACKGROUND LEVELS OF BOTH DIVISIONS | AUTONOMIC TONE |
| FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE;PROVIDE SUPPORT AND ELASTICITY | TUNICA EXTERNA |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS;CAUSE CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER | TUNICA MEDIA |
| ENDOTHELIUM LINING INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSEL | TUNICA INTERNA(INTIMA) |
| THICKER TUNICA MEDIA;MORE ELASTIC FIBERS;BUILT RO RESIST PRESSURE | ARTERIES |
| CONTIANS VALVES | VEINS |
| DECREASE SIZE OF LUMEN | VASOCONSTRICTION |
| INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE LUMEN | VASODILATION |
| LARGE VESSELS WHICH TRANSPORT LARGE VOLUMES AWAY FORM THE HEART | ELASTIC(CONDUCTING) |
| TRANSPORT BLOOD TO SKELETAL MUSCLE | MUSCULAR(DISTRIBUTION) |
| INTERNAL DIAMETER OF 30 OR LESS | ARTERIOLES |
| MOST NUMEROUS AND SMALLEST VESSELS;RBC PASS THROUGH ONE AT A TIME;WALLS OF ENDOTHELIUM THINK ENOUGH TO ALLOW EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS BETWEEN BLOOD AND CELLS;MOST ABUNDENT INACTIVE TISSUES;LESS ABUNDENT IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE | CAPILLARIES |
| FUNCTION AS AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK CALLED A CAPILLARY OR PLEXUS; CONTAIN SEVERAL DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN ARTERIOLES AND VENULES, COLLATERAL ARTERIES FEEDING AN ARTERIOLE;PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER;METARTERIOLE,CAPPILARIES, ANASTOMOSIS | CAPILLARY BEDS |
| REGULATE BLOOD FLOW INTO CAPILLARY BEDS; SPHINCTER CONTRACTION INHIBITS BLOOD FLOW; SPHINCTER RELAXATION ALLOWS BLOOD FLOW; BOOD FLOW INTERMITTENT; RECIEVES BLOOD ACCORDING TO NEED OF TISSUES THEY SERVE | PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS |
| COLLECT BLOOD FROM ALL TISSUES AND ORGANS AND RETURN IT TO THE HEART; ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE | VEINS |
| COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARY BEDS AND ARE THE SMALLEST VENOUS VESSELS | VENULES |
| RANGE FROM 2-9MM | MEDIUM SIZED VEINS |
| INCLUDE THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA | LARGE VEINS |
| BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE VENULES AND MEDIUM VEINS IS SO LOW THAT IT CANNOT OPPOSE GRAVITY; IN LIMBS VEINS CONTAIN VALVES; PERMIT FLOW IN ONLY 1 DIRECTION AND SO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD | VENOUS VALVES |
| THE RATE OF BLOOD FLOW TO THE HEART | VENOUS RETURN |
| REDUCES VOLUME OF BOLLD IN VENOUS SYSTEM AND INCREASE VOLUME IN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM AND CAPILLARIES | VENOCONSTRICTION |
| THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD THAT CAN BE SHIFTED FROM THE LIVER, SKIN AND LUNGS IS CALLED | VENOUS RESERVE |
| THE VOLUME OF BLOOD THAT FLOWS THROUGH ANY TISSUE IN A GIVEN PERIOD OF TIME | BLOOD FLOW |
| BLOOD FLOW IS EQUAL TO | CARDIAC OUTPUT |
| THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CREATED BY BLOOD ON THE WALLS OF A BLOOD VESSEL; GENERATED BY THE CONCENTRATION OF THE VENTRICLES; HIGHEST IN AORTA AND LARGE SYSTEMIC ARTERIES; | BLOOD PRESSURE |
| HIGHEST ARTERIAL PRESSURE ATTAINED DURING SYSTOLE(HEART CONTRACTION) | SYSTOLIC PRESSURE |
| LOWEST ARTERIAL PRESSURE DURING DIASTOLE(HEART RELAXATION) | DIASTOLIC PRESSURE |
| (BP) PRESSURE FROM AORTA TO ARTEROLES(100-35mmHg); MAINTAINS BLOOD FLOW THROUGH CALOLLARY BEDS;RISES DURING VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE AND FALLS DURING VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE; SYSTOLIC PRESSURE AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE 120/80 | ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE |
| (CHP) PRESSURE WITHIN CAPILLARY BEDS(35-18mmHg) | CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE |
| THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE VENOUS SYSTEM(18mmHg) | VENOUS PRESSURE |
| OPPOSES THE MOVEMENT OF BLOOD | resistance of the cardiovascular system |
| CAN CHANGE QUICKLY THROUGH VASOCONSTRICTION AND VASODILATION | VESSEL DIAMETER |
| CREATION OF EDDIES AND SWIRLS IN FLOW DUE TO HIGH FLOW RATES, IRREGULAR SURFACES, AND CHANGES IN VESSELS DIAMETER | TURBULANCE |
| MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES FROM BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES TO INTERSITIAL SPACE; PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID ARE IN CONSTANT COMMUNICATION;ASSIST IN THE TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS AND TISSUE PROTEINS;ACCELERATES THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS; | CAPILLARY EXCHANGE |
| MOVEMENT FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION | DIFFUSION |
| PRESSURE DRIVEN MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND SOLUTES FROMTHE BLOOD CAPILLARIES INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUID | FILTRATION |
| PRESSURE DRIVEN MOVEMENT FROM INTERSTITIAL FLUID INTO BLOOD CAPILLARIES | REABSORPTION |
| PLASMA VOLUME DECREASES, INCREASES BCOPFLUID IS RECALLED FROM TISSUES | DEHYDRATION |
| ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID;CAPILLARY DAMAGE, STARVATION(BOTH RESULT IN DECREASE IN BCOP);INCREASE IN ARTERIAL,VENOUS,OR TOTAL CIRCULATORY PRESSURE(INCREASE IN CHP) | EDEMA |
| THE CONTRACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES NEAR A VEIN COMPRESS IT; FAINTING OR SYNCOPE | MUSCULAR COMPRESSION |
| AS INHALE YOUR THORACIC CAVITY EXPANDS AND PRESSURE WITHN THE PLEURAL CAVITY DECREASES, THIS DROP IN PRESSURE PULLS BLOOD INTO INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND ATRIUM FROM SMALLER VEINS | RESPIRATORY PUMP |
| SUPPLIES THE NECK, ESOPHAGUS,PHARYNX,LOWER JAW AND FACE | EXTERNAL CAROTID |
| ENTERS THE SKULL AND DELIVERS BLOOD TO THE BRAIN AND DIVIDES INTO THREE BRANCHES;OPHTALMIC ARTERY;ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY;MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY | INTERNAL CAROTID |
| BLOOD LEAVING THE CAPILLARIES SUPPLIED BY THE CELIAC, SUPERIOR, AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES FLOWS INTO | HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM |
Created by:
mflanagan2009