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BIOCHEM Lecture 04

exam 2

QuestionAnswer
carbohydrate monomer monosaccharide
carbohydrate polymer polysaccharide
monomer to polymer reaction dehydration
polymer to monomer reaction hydrolysis
monosaccharide variation carbon chain length, vary in isomerization, cyclicality
constitutional isomer differ in order of attachment of atoms
stereoisomers atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement
enantiomer nonsuperimposible mirror images
diastereomers isomers that are not mirror images
epimer differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
anomer differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure
D isomer OH on last carbon to the right on fischer projection
which monosaccharide structure is most prevalent in nature? D isomers
pyranose 6 membered ring
furanose 5 membered ring
OH up on anomeric carbon beta, equitorial
OH down on anomeric carbon alpha, axial
aldose to pyranose aldehyde plus alcohol makes cyclic pyranose
ketose to furanose OH off carbon 5 attacks to make furanose
ketose to pyranose OH off carbon 6 attacks to make pyranose
sugar phosphate phosphate added by kinases, energy storage
sugar acids replace aldehyde or ketone with carboxyl or carboxyl added
deoxysugars OH replaced by H or methyl group
Amino sugars hydroxyl replaced by amine group
glucose-6-phosphate function retains glucose in the cell, energy storage, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway
polysaccharide structure variation monomers, linkages between monomers, glycosidic bonds
glycosidic bonds something is attached to a monosaccharide through dehydration is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases
O-linked monosaccharide-monosaccharide
N-linked monosaccharide-amino acid
beta bond pointing up off of anomeric carbon
alpha bond pointing down off of anomeric carbon
starch function plant energy storage
starch linkage alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
amylose only 3 alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
amylopectin alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds but branches have alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds
glycogen function animal energy storage
glycogen linkages glucose linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds, branches linked by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds ever 10 glucose units
cellulose function provides plant structure
cellulose linkages glucose linked by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds
chitin function provides animal structure
chitin linkages beta-1,4-GlcNac bonds between amino sugar acid monomers
reducing sugars have a free aldehyde or ketone group (monosaccharides)
nonreducing sugars lack a free aldehyde or ketone group (disaccharides)
Created by: r.logan6029
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