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RTE 2563 Exam 2 ch 9
L- spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A portion of the lamina located between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the | Pars interarticularis |
| The superior and inferior vertebral notches join together to form the: | Intervertebral foramina |
| Which radiographic position best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina | Lateral position |
| Would the degree of angle to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint be greater or less for the lower lumbar vertebrae as compared with the upper? | Less (50˚ for upper and 30˚ for lower) |
| The small foramina found in the sacrum are called | Pelvic Sacral Foramina |
| The anterior and superior aspect of the sacrum that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic inlet is called the | Promontory |
| What is another term for the sacral horns? | Cornua |
| The sacroiliac joints lie at an oblique angle of _______ degrees to the coronal plane | 30˚ |
| What is the normal term for the tailbone | coccyx |
| What specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with LPO for L-spine | Left zygapophyseal |
| What specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with RAO for L-spine | Left zygapophyseal |
| What specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with RPO for L-spine | Right zygapophyseal |
| What specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with LAO for L-spine | Right zygapophyseal |
| What specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with lateral for L-spine | Intervertebral foramina |
| The degree of obliquity required for an oblique projection at the T12–L1 level is approximately ______, whereas the L5–S1 spine level requires a(n) ______ oblique. Therefore, a(n) _______ oblique is performed for the general lumbar spine. | 50˚, 30˚, 45˚ |
| (T or F) The use of higher kV and lower mA seconds (mAs) for lumbar spine radiography improves radiographic contrast but increases patient dose. | False |
| Placing a lead blocker mat behind the patient for lateral lumbar spine positions improves image quality. | True |
| Gonadal shielding should always be used for male and female patients for studies of the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx. | False |
| The anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine opens the intervertebral joint spaces better than the posteroanterior (PA) projection. | False |
| The knees and hips should be extended for an AP projection of the lumbar spine. | False (should be flexed) |
| An increased source image receptor distance (SID) of 44 to 46 inches (112 to 117 cm) reduces magnification of the spine anatomy. | True |
| The lead blocker mat and close collimation must not be used when performing digital imaging of the lumbar spine. | False |
| When positioning the obese patient, the iliac crest is typically at the level the inferior margin of the flexed elbow. | True |
| With a 35- × 43-cm (14- × 17-inch) IR, the central ray is centered at the level of the _________ for AP and lateral lumbar spine projections. | Iliac Crest |
| Which two structures can be evaluated to determine whether rotation is present on a radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine? | SI joint equidistant from the spine/ Spinous process should be midline to the vertebral column |
| How much rotation is required to visualize the zygapophyseal joints properly at the L5–S1 level? | 30˚ |
| Which specific set of zygapophyseal joints is demonstrated with an LAO position? | Right |
| The ___________, which is the eye of the “Scottie dog,” should be near the center of the vertebral body on a correctly oblique lumbar spine position. | Pedicles |
| Which positioning error has been committed if the pedicles are projected too far posterior with a 45-degree oblique position of the lumbar spine? | Excessive rotation |
| Which position or projection of the lumbar spine series best demonstrates a possible compression fracture? | Lateral |
| A patient with a wide pelvis and narrow thorax may require a central ray angle of ____ degrees (caudad or cephalad) for a lateral position of the lumbar spine. | 5 to 8˚ caudad |
| How should the spine of a patient with scoliosis be positioned for a lateral position of the lumbar spine? | Which the sag or convexity of the spine closest to the IR |
| Why should the knees and hips be flexed for an AP lumbar spine projection? | To reduce the lumbar curvature which opens the intervertebral disk spaces |
| (T or F) The female ovarian dose used for a PA lumbar spine projection is approximately 25° to 30% less than the dose for an AP projection. | true |
| Where is the central ray centered for a lateral L5–S1 projection of the lumbar spine? | 1 1/2 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS |
| What amount and direction of central ray angulation is required for an AP axial L5–S1 projection on a male patient? | 30˚ cephalad |
| A PA or an AP projection for a scoliosis series frequently includes one erect and one recumbent position for comparison. | True |
| The lower margin of the cassette must include the symphysis pubis for a scoliosis series. | False |
| A PA projection for a scoliosis series produces only about 1/10 the dose to the breasts as compared with the AP projection, even if proper collimation is used. | True |
| Which of the following techniques or devices produces a more uniform density along the vertebral column for an AP/PA scoliosis projection? A. Use of a 35- × 90-cm (14- × 36-inch) image receptor B. Lower kV C. Higher mAs D. Compensating filter | D. Compensating Filter |
| Which side of the spine should be elevated for the second exposure for the AP/PA projection (Ferguson method) scoliosis series (by having the patient stand on a block with one foot)? | The convex side of the spine |
| For the Ferguson method, the elevated foot must be raised a minimum of (inches/cm) | 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) |
| During the AP (PA) right and left bending projections of the lumbar spine, the ______ serves as a fulcrum during positioning | Pelvis |
| Which projections should be taken to evaluate flexibility following spinal fusion surgery? | Hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral projections |
| What is the recommended kV range for lateral-hyperflexion and hyperextension positions of the spine for a digital imaging system? | 95-100 |
| How much central ray angulation is required for an AP projection of the sacrum for a typical male patient? | 15˚ cephalad |
| Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection of the sacrum? | 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis |
| If a patient cannot lie on his back for the AP sacrum because it is too painful, what alternate projection can be taken to achieve a similar view of the sacrum? | AP prone with 15˚ caudad CR angle |
| Where is the central ray centered for an AP projection of the coccyx? | 2 inches superior to the symphysis pubis |
| How much is the CR angled for the AP axial coccyx projection? . | 10˚ caudad |
| The AP projections of the sacrum and coccyx can be taken as one single projection to decrease gonadal dose. | False |
| Patients should be asked to empty the urinary bladder before performing which projection(s) of the vertebral column? | AP of sacrum and coccyx |
| In addition to good collimation, what should be done to minimize overall “fogging” on a lateral lumbar spine or lateral sacrum and coccyx radiograph? | Place a lead blocker on tabletop behind the pt |
| Which sacroiliac (SI) joint is visualized with an RPO position? | Left |
| How much rotation of the body is required for oblique positions of the SI joints? | 25-30˚ |
| What type of CR angle is recommended for the AP axial projection of the SI joints on a female patient? | 35˚ cephalad |
| Where is the CR centered for an oblique projection of the SI joints? | 1 inch medial from upside ASIS |
| Compared with the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic spine, the lumbar spinous processes are: | Larger and more Blunt |
| The anterior/superior ridge of the upper sacrum is called the: | Promontory |
| Each sacroiliac joint opens obliquely _____ degrees posteriorly | 30 |
| The angle of the midlumbar spine zygapophyseal joints in relation to the midsagittal plane is | upper 50, lower 30 |
| Where is the pars interarticularis found? | Between the superior and inferior articular process |
| The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine are classified as ______ , as joints with _________ type of joint movement. | synovial and plane |
| The ear and front leg of the “Scottie dog” make up the ____ joint, best seen in the oblique position | zygapophyseal |
| Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds to the L2–L3 level? | Lower costal Margin |
| It is possible to shield females for an AP projection of the sacrum or coccyx if the gonadal shields are correctly placed. | False |
| The female gonadal dose is approximately equal for either AP or PA projections of the lumbar spine. | False |
| Why should the knees and hips be flexed for an AP projection of the lumbar spine? | to reduce curvature to open up the intervertebral spaces |
| A lead mat or masking for lateral positions of the lumbar spine should not be used with digital imaging. | False |
| Anterior wedging and loss of vertebral body height are characteristic of: A. Chance fracture C. Compression fracture B. Spina bifida D. Spondylolysis | Compression fracture |
| Ankylosing spondylitis usually requires an increase in manual exposure factors. | False |
| Where is the central ray centered for an AP projection of the lumbar spine with a 30- × 35-cm (11- × 14-inch) IR? | 1.5 inches above Iliac Crest |
| Which set of zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine is best demonstrated with an LAO position? | right |
| How much rotation of the spine is required to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint space between L1–L2? | 50˚ |
| Describe the body build that might require central ray angulation to open the intervertebral joint spaces with a lateral projection of the lumbar spine, even if the patient has some support under the waist. | Thick hip, wide thorax, 5-8 caudad |
| What type of central ray angulation should be used for the lateral L5–S1 projection if the waist is not supported? A. Central ray perpendicular to IR C. 10 to 15 degrees cephalad B. 5 to 8 degrees caudad D. 3 to 5 degrees cephalad | 5-8˚ caudad |
| For the lateral L5–S1 projection, the CR is parallel to the _______ plane | interiliac |
| Where is the central ray centered for an AP axial projection for L5–S1? | at the level of the ASIS at the middle of the body |
| A kV range of 90 to 100 kV can be used for a lateral L5–S1 projection when using a digital imaging system. | True |
| Which projection or method is designed to demonstrate the degree of scoliosis deformity between the primary and compensatory curves as part of a scoliosis study? | Ferguson Method |
| Which projections are designed to measure mobility of the vertebral column at the site of a spinal fusion? | Hyperextension and hyperflexion |
| Where is the central ray centered for an AP projection of the sacrum? | 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis 15˚ cephalic |
| Why should a single lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx be performed rather than separate laterals of the sacrum and coccyx? | Reduce pt dose and gonadal dose |
| The pelvis must remain as stationary as possible when positioning for the hyperextension and hyperflexion projections. | true |
| what is the name of the superior broad aspect of the coccyx | Base |
Created by:
JenGlez