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Biology lab exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 primary tissue types? | Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue |
| What are Tissues? | Group of cells that are similar in structure and function. |
| How can tissues be distinguished? | They have distinct structures, patterns, and functions. |
| How can an organ's structure and function be determined? | Arrangement of tissues in an organ determines the organ's structure and function. |
| What are epithelia? | Lining and covering tissues. -covers the external surface of the body (epidermis). -lines the body cavities and tubules. |
| How can tissues be able to perform specific body functions? | When they are organized into organs (i.e. heart, kidneys and lungs) |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| What are glands classified as and why? | They are classified as epithelium because they develop from epithelial membranes. |
| Functions of the Epithelia | Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, and Sensory reception. |
| How does the epithelia perform protection? | From excessive friction, bacterial invasion, chemical damage, etc. Ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract sweep dust and other foreign particles away from the lungs. |
| How does the epithelia perform absorption? | Specialized absorptive epithelia line the stomach and small intestine. |
| How does the epithelia perform filtration? | Kidney tubules are lined with epithelia that absorb, secrete, and filter. |
| How does the epithelia secrete substances? | Glands secrete substances. |
| How does the epithelia perform sensory reception? | The epithelium that covers the body's surface contains many of the body's sensory organs. |
| What is cilia and where are they? | They are long slender extensions of the plasma membrane. Help to move secretions and fluids across cell surface. Usually on epithelia tissues. |
| What part of tissue helps with moving secretions and fluids across cell surface? | Cilia |
| What is microvilli? | Small projections of the plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces. Help increase absorption or secretion. |
| What are the small projections of plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces? | Microvilli |
| What is classification of epithelia based on? | Numbers of layers: -One layer: Simple Epithelia -More than one layer: Stratified Epithelia (named according to apical layer of cells) Cell Shape: Squamous Cuboidal Columnar |
| What are the cell shapes? | Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar |
| What is the type of epithelial shape are found in the tubules of kidney and in many glands? | Cuboidal |
| What is the type of epithelia shape that function in protection or in secretion and diffusion? | Squamous |
| What is the epithelia tissue type that has all cells adhere to the basement membrane? | Pseudostratified Epithelium |
| What tissues are found in urinary system organs? | Transitional Epithelium |
| In what tissue can the cells slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched? | Transitional Epithelium |
| What are the Simple Epithelia? | Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar |
| What are the Stratified Squamous? | Stratified Squamous, Stratified Cuboidal, Stratified Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar, Transitional Epithelia |
| What is the tissue with some cells that do not reach the apical surface/ lumen? | Pseudostratified Columnar |
| What are the functions of Connective tissue? | Connects organs to each other Connects the epithelium to the rest of the body Gives support and protection (physical and immune) Storage of energy and heat production (adipose) Movement and transports (blood) |
| Connective Tissue Description | Consists of widely spaced cells separated by protein fibers and ground substance (matrix). |
| Which tissue is the most abundant and variable? | Connective Tissue |
| Loose Connective Tissue Proper | Areolar, Adipose and Reticular |
| Areolar | Provides padding and separates skin from deeper tissue Elastic and collagen fibers |
| Adipose | Fall cells Nucleus off to the side of the cell |
| Reticular | Provides a framework for support |
| Dense CT Proper | Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic CT |
| Dense Regular | Tendon Densely packed collagen fibers Ligament |
| Dense Irregular CT | Deep Dermis Capsule around internal organs |
| Elastic CT | Within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column. |
| Fluid Connective Tissue | -Blood: RBC's (erythrocytes) WBC's (leukocytes) Platelets -Lymph |
| Function of RBC | Carry blood gases |
| Function of WBC | Fight infection |
| Function of Platelets | Help form a plug to stop bleeding |
| Lymph | The interstitial fluid found between the cells of the the human body. It enter the lymph vessels. |
| What are the supporting connective tissue? | Cartilage and Bone |
| What are the 3 major types of Cartilage? | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
| What are the characteristics of Cartilage? | Avascular Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) occupy small chambers called lacunae. |
| What is the bone tissue surrounded by? | Periosteum |
| Osteons | A group of osteocytes and concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels. |
| Osteoblasts | Form bone and mature into osteocytes |
| Osteocytes | Help maintain bone |
| Osteoclasts | Dissolve parts of the bone matrix |
| Concentric lamellae | Rings of matrix surrounding the central canal |
| What helps maintain the bones? | Osteocytes |
| Circumferential Lamella | located deep to periosteum and superficial to the endosteum (around the entire circumference of the diaphysis) |
| What are the characteristics of Connective Tissue? | Most are highly vascularized Composed of many types of cells There is alot of noncellular, nonliving material (matrix) between the cells of connective tissue. |
| What are the connective tissues that are poorly vascularized? | Cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
| What cells tend to be elongated, providing a long axis for contraction? | Muscle cells |
| 3 Types of Muscle Tissue and are they voluntary are involuntary? | Skeletal Muscle (voluntary) Cardiac Muscle (involuntary) Smooth Muscle (involuntary) |
| What specialized junctions help with the cell interdigitate in cardiac muscle cells? In other words, connect the adjacent cardiac muscle cells. | Intercalated discs |
| What characteristics do cardiac muscles have? | Branching, Striations, Intercalated disc, and Nucleus |
| What is the function of Cardiac Muscle? | As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. |
| Where can the cardiac muscle be found? | The walls of the heart |
| What is the function of Smooth Muscle? | Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. |
| Where can the smooth muscles be found? | Mostly in the walls of of hollow organs |
| What is the difference between dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle under a microscope? | Smooth Muscle has more nuclei |
| What are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle under a microscope? | They have Striations, Nuclei, and part of muscle fiber (cell) They are long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. |
| What are the rings of matrix surrounding the central canal? | Concentric lamellae |
| What does the epithelial tissue protect the body from? | From excessive friction, bacterial invasion, chemical damage, etc. |
| What structure in tissue that helps with moving secretions and fluids across the cell surface? | Cilia |
| What structure helps with increasing absorption or secretion? | Microvilli |
| What are the small projections of the plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces? | Microvilli |
| What are the long slender extensions of the plasma membrane? | Cilia |
| What are Stratified Epithelia named according to? | Apical layer of cells |
| What is the tissue that is irregularly shaped, flat and scale-like? | Squamous |
| What epithelial secrete and absorb materials across the tubular/glandular wall? | Cuboidal |
| What tissue has cube-like shape with a large nucleus? | Cuboidal |
| What are combined to describe epithelium fully? | shape and arrangement |
| What epithelia tissues are often ciliated? | Pseudostratified Epithelium |
| What tissues are found in urinary system organs that are subject to periodic distention (urinary bladder, ureters, parts of the urethra)? | Transitional Epithelium |
| For Transitional Epithelium, when the cells are flattened the organ _______ and when they are rounded, the organ _______. | Full, Empty |
| What connective tissue has nucleus off to the side of the cell? | Adipose |
| What connective tissue provides framework for support? | Reticular |
| What connective tissue provides padding and separates skin from deeper tissue? | Areolar |
| What connective tissue has both elastic and collagen fibers? | Areolar |
| what connective tissue has densely packed collagen fibers? | Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
| What connective tissue is in deep dermis and acts as capsule around internal organs? | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
| What tissue is within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column? | Elastic CT |
| Which cartilage acts as a shock absorber? | Fibrocartilage |
| Which cartilage allows for tissue flexibility? | Elastic |
| Which cartilage is the most common type? | Hyaline |
| What are the channels in the lamellae that provide passageways through the solid matrix for diffusion? | Canaliculi |
| What tissue has long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells and obvious striations? | Skeletal Muscle |
| Location of skeletal muscle tissue | Attached to bone or occasionally to skin |
| What tissue has branching, is striated, and has generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate? | Cardiac Muscle |
| What is lacunae and where is it? | A cavity containing an osteocyte, located at junction of lamellae |
| What are the layers of Periosteum? | Fibrous Layer and Cellular Layer |
| What tissues can be ciliated and nonciliated? | Pseudostratified Epithelium and Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| What is the name of cartilage cells and where are they located? | chondrocytes and located in small chambers called lacunae |
| Interstitial Lamellae | Remnants of osteons whose matrix components have been almost fully recycled by osteoclasts. They fill the gaps between osteons in compact bone |
| Canaliculi | Channels in lamellae that provide passageways through the solid matrix for diffusion of nutrients and waste. These small channels radiate out from the central canal to the lacunae. they connect the lacunae (and thereby each osteocyte) to each other. |
| Volkmann's Canal | Canals that run at "right angles" into "long axis" of the bone and connect bone and nerve supply of periosteum to those in the "central canals" and "medullary cavity". They are lined with "endosteum" |
| What are the canals that connect the blood and nerve supply of "periosteum" to those in the "central canals" and "medullary cavity | Volkmann's Canal |
| What are the channels in the lamellae that provide passageways through the solid matrix for diffusion of nutrients and waste | Canaliculi |
| Function of Skeletal Muscle | Locomotion, voluntary movements, manipulation of environment, facial expressions, voluntary control |
| What covers ends of bones surfaces on joint? | Hyaline |
| Canaliculi | Channels in the lamellae that provide passageways through the solid matrix for diffusion of nutrients and waste •These small channels radiate out from the central canal to the lacunae |
| What connects lucunae in bones to each other? | Canaliculi |
| What canals are lined with endosteum? | Volkmann’s canal |
| What covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central canals that pass through the compact bone? compact bone | Endosteum |
| What does Endosteum contain? | Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
| Central Canal | Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone Carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels |
Created by:
Luminana