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Waves
AS91170 - 2.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Light's Energy Form | Electromagnetic radiation. |
| Light's Occurance | Electromagnetic waves that travel in straight lines. |
| Higher frequency equals? | A larger object. |
| Speed of Light (Vacuum) | 3 x 10^{8} ms^{-1} |
| Light travels in? | Anything, it doesn't require a medium. |
| Wavelengh from longest to shortest? | ROYGBIV |
| Reflection | Incident ray hitting a surface to form a reflected ray. |
| Reflection Rule | Angle of incidence = anlge of reflection. |
| Plane Mirror Images | Same size, same direction and are virtual. |
| Lateral inversion | When an object in a mirror is inverted. |
| Concave Mirrors | Curved inwards with light converging to a single point and have real focal points. |
| Convex Mirrors | Curved outwards, light diverging and the focal point behind/inside the mirror. |
| Focal Point | Point all rays of light are reflected to. |
| Pole | Position of the mirror that the principal axis passes through. |
| Focal Length | Distance between the pole and the focal point. |
| Centre of Curvature | The point that would be the centre of the circle if the mirror was extended into a circle. |
| Radius of Curvature | The radius that would be created if the mirror was extended into a circle, measured from centre of curvature to pole. |
| Refraction | The change in speed of light as it enters or exits a medium of different optical density, direction may change. |
| Refraction - Speed Slowing | Light has entered a more optically dense medium and the angle of indidence is greater than the angle of refraction. |
| Refractive Index | The degree to which a medium refracts light. The greater the index the more light refracted. |
| Total Internal Reflection | Can only occur when light travels from a denser medium into a less dense medium. Angle of refraction is 90 and the critical angle is the angle of incidence. |
| Biconvex Lenses | Light ray converge after refracting and the image produced will be real. |
| Biconcave Lenses | Light rays diverge after refracting, the image produced will be virtual. |
| Waves | A regular pattern of disturbance that transfers energy from one position to another, the medium of travel will revert back to normal after a wave passes through it. |
| Pulses | A single disturbance, can transmit energy, when two pulses meet their energies combine instantly. |
| Mechanical Waves | Require a medium. |
| Transverse Waves | Particles are oscillating at 90 to the direction of travel, at equilibrium the creats are nodes and the troughs are antinodes. |
| Wavelength | Distance between successive peaks or troughts or successive compressions and rarefractions. |
| Amplitude | Maximum distance from peaks or troughts to the equilibrium position. |
| Longitudinal Waves | Particles more parallel to the direction of the wave. |
| Compressions | Clumps of particles in longitudinal waves. |
| Rarefractions | Spread-out areas in longitudinal waves. |
| Frequency | The number of waves that pass a point per second (Hz). |
| Period | The time for successive creats or troughts to pass a point. |
| Displacement/Time Graphs | Shows how the wave changes over time. Allows for the period and amplitude to be read. |
| Displacement/Position Graphs | Shows how the wave changes at different places. Allows for wavelengh to be read. |
| Pitch | The frequency of a sound wave - the higher the frequency the the higher the pitch. |
| Loudness | Related to the sound wave's amplitude, louder amplitude = louder sound. |
| Wavefronts | Represents waves travelling through a medium, shows the peaks of waves at a 'bird's-eye view' |
| Diffraction | Occurs when waves pass through gaps or bend around barriers. There will be more curve when the wavelength is longer than the opening. |
| From Shallow to Deep (Refraction of Wavefronts). | Wave speeds up, bends away from the normal and wavelength increases, but frequency remains the same. |
| From Deep to Shallow (Refraction of Wavefronts). | Wave slows down, bends toward the normal and wavelength decreases. Frequency remains the same. |
| In Phase | Points along a wave undergoing a similar motion are in phase. |
| Out of Phase | Points along a wave undegoing the exact opposite motion. |
| Determining Phase | Multiply by 360 - if 360 then points are in phase, if 180 than points exactly out of phase. |
| Reflection of Pulses, Free End | When a pulse meets a free end all of its energy is reflected back in the same orientation - there is no phase change. |
| Reflection of Pulses, Fixed End | When a pulse meets a fixed end all of its energy is reflected back inverted - ther is a phase change. |
| Refraction of Pulses, Less Dense to More Dense | Some energy continues on into the denser medium and the remainder is reflected, the denser medium if treated as the fixed end - refelcted wave will be out of phase. |
| Refraction of Pulses, More Dense to Less Dense | Some energy continues on into the less dense medium and the remainder is reflected. |
| Amplitude of Intial Pulse | Amp of reflected pulse + amp of refracted pulse. |
| Wave Superposition | When two waves interact as they travel pass one another. |
| Constructive Interference | When two pulses are the same orientation, their displacements add up to produce a resultant wave that is larger then the inital pulse. |
| Destructive Interference | When two pulses with opposite orientations meet, their disp;acements subract to products a resultant wave that is smaller than the inital pulse. |
| Standing Waves | Produced when two waves with equal amp and frequency travel in opposite directions, a new wave is formed but appears to be standing still. |
| Standing Waves, Antinodes | Places of very large amplitude oscillation. |
| Standing Waves, Nodes | Places of zero amplitude or complete destructive interference. |
| Two Point Source Interference | Produces curved wavefronts, created by two gaps in a barrier (diffraction), two sound sources (circular) or two point sources in water. All contexts rely on wavefronts being in phase and wavelengths being equal. |
| Two Point Source Interference, Constructive Interference | Occurs when troughs meet troughs and creats meet crests, referred to as antinodes and a maximum is formed. |
| Two Point Source Interferenve, Destructive Interference | Occurs when troughs meets crests. referred to as nodes, there is no displacement an a mnimum is formed. |
| Nodal and Antinodal Lines, Constructive Interference | Occurs when the path difference (m) = n{\lambda} (n = 0, 1, 2,…) |
| Nodal and Antinodal Lines, Destructive Interference | Occurs when the path difference (m) = (n + ½){\lambda} (n = 0, 1, 2,…) |
| Nodal and Antinodal Lines, Central Maxima | Positions with a path difference of zero and that run through the centre of the pattern. |
Created by:
hucklefruitfinn
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